Castilla-La Mancha region (Spain) is an important viticulture region with 500.000 hectares occupied by vineyards.

Global warming advances ripening of grapes to warmer months of the growing season, impacting fruit physiology and threatening wine typicity.

Bunch rot is one of the main causes of grape quality losses, especially in rainy summers.

Radiation plays a key role on yield and quality. A high variability in incident radiation is observed within the leaves and grapes of a single canopy.

Young vines are very susceptible to frost damage due to their short height which situates frost-sensitive buds and shoots very close to the ground, which is where the coldest air temperatures typically occur.

The irrigated vineyards of the Paso Robles region of California depend upon groundwater for irrigation; this groundwater supply is currently impacted by excessive withdrawals.

There is currently trellis-training system that achieves high yields, comparable to a parral, with high-quality wine and the possibility of machine harvest.

For cool windy climates and/or lower vigor sites, delays in vine development during training can result in a greater number of growing seasons to achieve full crop yield potential.

This work starts from the idea that the nitrogen application in pre-harvest would have positive effects on biomass accumulation of the vine plant before its winter rest, and that would enable a better and faster sprouting in the following season, without sacrificing the oenological quality of the grapes.

At harvest, the composition of the grape berries is the result of the interaction between physiological processes genetically programmed during the developmental cycle and responses to the imposed environmental parameters that induce more or less pronounced stress conditions.

Many vineyards in Mendoza, Argentina, are being modified to new vine-training systems that allow mechanical canopy management.