The phenological stage of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) represents a fundamental element in vineyard management, since it determines key practices such as fertilization, irrigation, phytosanitary interventions and optimal harvest time (Mullins et al., 1992).
Accurate and non-destructive monitoring of grape ripening is essential for optimising harvest decisions, particularly under water stress conditions.
Climate change results in increasing water stress due to co-effects of rising evapotranspiration (ET) and decreased precipitation over the past 65 years (Spinoni et al. 2019).
Implementing artificial intelligence (AI) in viticulture and enology is a rapidly growing field of research with an essential number of potential practical applications.