Terroir 2004 banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 Contribution of soil and atmospheric conditions to leaf water potential in grapevines

Contribution of soil and atmospheric conditions to leaf water potential in grapevines

Abstract

[English version below]

Etant lié au sol et aux conditions atmosphériques, le statut hydrique influence la physiologie de la vigne d’une part, mais joue aussi un role important en ce qui concerne la qualité du raisin et donc du vin d’autre part. Nous avons mesuré, dans la région de Stellenbosch, le statut hydrique sur des pieds de Sauvignon Blanc non irrigués, implantés sur 2 terroirs différents, l’un froid, l’autre plus chaud. D’après ces mesures, il semble que le potentiel hydrique foliaire (Ψl ) soit lié par une fonction logarithmique au potentiel hydrique du sol (Ψm). De plus, l’augmentation du stress hydrique du cep semble être plus lente lorsque Ψm descend en dessous de -0.3 MPa. Sous certaines conditions, le déficit en pression de vapeur ne semble pas influencer le Ψl (mesuré à l’aube), cependant lorsque les valeurs obtenues pour ce dernier sont combinées avec celles obtenues pour Ψm, alors 85% de la variabilité de Ψl mesuré à 14:00 peut être expliqué. A partir de ces résultats, nous pouvons donc conclure sur l’existence d’une fonction entre le statut hydrique de la vigne et les conditions atmosphériques ainsi qu’entre le statut hydrique et la teneur en eau du sol. Les résultats non linéaires du potentiel foliaire, caractérisés par des augmentations momentanées obtenus à différents moments de la journée peuvent être expliqués par une fermeture partielle des stomates. Les valeurs du flux de sève, observées pour des vignes cultivées sur les sols secs (Ψm = -0.75 MPa) du terroir plus froid, montrent de fortes diminutions pendant la journée, comparé à celles obtenues sur le terroir plus chaud où Ψm = -0.12 MPa. Ceci confirme bien que le statut hydrique de la vigne, situé sur le terroir plus froid, est régulé grâce à la fermeture partielle des stomates et ce, malgré le faible déficit en pression de vapeur enregistré sur cette même localité.
La linéarité de la relation entre Ψl et Ψm, sur vignes irriguées où Ψm était supérieur à -0.08 MPa, peut expliquer l’absence de contrôle stomatique significatif. Cependant, en mesurant Ψl toutes les 15 minutes, on peut observer la fermeture stomatique sur des vignes irriguées en climat semi-aride, où le déficit en pression de vapeur passe de 1.0 kPa à l’aube à 4.6 kPa dans l’après-midi, malgré une teneur en eau dans le sol proche de la capacité au champ (Ψm = ca -0.01 MPa). Le contrôle stomatique, une fois encore est à l’origine de la non- linéarité de la relation entre le déficit en pression de vapeur et Ψl. Ce dernier était, dans ces mêmes conditions, de –1.6 MPa. Ces résultats nous indiquent que là où la teneur en eau du sol n’est pas un facteur limitant, de difficiles conditions climatiques peuvent provoquer la fermeture des stomates, réduisant ainsi une chute trop sévère du potentiel hydrique foliaire. Le potentiel hydrique du sol, ainsi que le déficit en pression de vapeur, devraient donc permettre, par la suite, de quantifier l’effet du terroir sur le stress hydrique de la vigne.

Since grapevine water status, which is a function of soil and atmospheric conditions, affects grapevine physiology it will also play an important role in grape and wine quality. Water status in dry-land Sauvignon blanc was measured simultaneously both at a warm and a cool locality in the Stellenbosch region at different phenological stages during the growing season. Leaf water potential (Ψl) appeared to be a logarithmic function of soil matric potential (Ψm). Grapevine water stress tended to increase at a slower rate when Ψm dropped below ca -0.3 MPa. Under the given conditions, vapour pressure deficit (VPD) did not seem to have an effect on pre-dawn Ψl, but in combination with Ψm could explain 85% of the variation in Ψl measured at 14:00. These results indicated that grapevine water status was a function of atmospheric conditions as well as soil water content. The non-linear response of Ψl appeared to be the result of partial stomatal closure that increased Ψl at certain stages during the day. Sap flow rates in grapevines cultivated on the drier soil (i.e. Ψm = -0.75 MPa) showed pronounced reductions during the day at the cooler locality compared to those at the warmer one where Ψm was ca -0.12 MPa. This confirmed that grapevine water status was regulated via partial stomatal closure at the cooler locality, despite the lower VPD that was recorded at this particular locality.
In studies with irrigated grapevines, where Ψm was higher than -0.08 MPa, absence of significant stomatal control was probably the reason for the reported linear response between Ψl and Ψm. However, measuring Ψl at 15 minute intervals revealed that stomatal closure occurred in irrigated grapevines under semi-arid conditions where VPD increased from 1.0 kPa pre-dawn to 4.6 kPa in the afternoon despite soil water content being near field capacity (i.e. Ψm = ca -0.01 MPa). Due to stomatal control, the relationship between Ψl and VPD was also non-linear. Under these specific conditions, minimum Ψl was ca -1.6 MPa. These results showed that even where soil water content was not a limiting factor, harsh meteorological conditions were able to cause partial stomatal closure, thus preventing the evolution of extremely low Ψl values in grapevines. From the foregoing, it is suggested that Ψm as well as VPD should be considered for the quantification of terroir effects on grapevine water stress.

DOI:

Publication date: January 12, 2022

Issue: Terroir 2004

Type: Article

Authors

P.A. Myburgh and M. Laker

ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, 7599 Stellenbosch, Republic of South Africa

Contact the author

Keywords

Grapevine, leaf water potential, soil water, vapour pressure deficit, locality

Tags

IVES Conference Series | Terroir 2004

Citation

Related articles…

Ultra-High Pressure Homogenization (UHPH): a technique that allows the reduction of SO2 in winemaking

Ultra-High Pressure Homogenization (UHPH) is an innovative, efficient and non-thermal technology that can be applied at different stages in winemaking in order to reduce or avoid the use of sulphites. During 2022 vintage, a batch of Xarel·lo must was processed by UHPH at 300 MPa with an inlet temperature (Ti) of 4 ºC. In order to verify the influence of the UHPH treatment in wine characteristics, alcoholic fermentations with this must (UHPH) were carried out and compared with a control batch (without SO2 addition (C)) and a sulphited batch, in which 60 mg/L of total SO2 (SO2) were added.

Using combinations of recombinant pectinases to elucidate the deconstruction of the polysaccharide‐rich grape cell wall during winemaking

The effectiveness of enzyme-mediated maceration processes in red winemaking relies on a clear picture of the target (berry cell wall structure) to achieve the optimum combination of specific enzymes to be used. However, we lack the information on both essential factors of the reaction (i.e. specific activities in commercial enzyme preparation and the cell wall structure of berry tissue). In this study, the different combinations of pure recombinant enzymes and the recently validated high throughput cell wall profiling tools were applied to extend our knowledge on the grape berry cell wall polymeric deconstruction during the winemaking following a combinatorial enzyme treatment design.

How can historical cultivars mitigate the effects of climate change?

IFV, INRAe and the national network “Partenaires de la Sélection Vigne” representing 37 organizations from the different wine regions, have been working increasingly closely over the last 2 decades towards the preservation of the French varietal patrimony. There are approximately 600 patrimonial varieties according to INRAe and SupAgro Montpellier experts, including ancient cultivars (400) and intravarietal crossbreeds obtained since the 19th century. In the context of a drastic reduction in such varieties from the mid 1980’s in favor of mainstream varieties, it was essential to carry out an inventory of old vines and vineyards. INRAe Vassal collection plays a key role here as it holds the largest diversity available, along with a rich bibliography and herbariums, offering us the opportunity to document and double check the identity of a cultivar, consolidating the expertise of ampelographers. The work is carried out in several stages, from verifying the existence of a variety in a small region, through to rehabilitation. During this session, the authors present the process that leads to the official registration of a variety. After this, IFV selection center takes over to initiate the process of selection and propagation. A specific focus within regions such as the Alps, Champagne and the South-West will provide details of the full procedure. Bia, Bouysselet, Chardonnay rose, Mecle and the aptly named Tardif, are some of the cultivars that have followed this procedure. Furthermore, a recent regulation established by INAO on “varieties of interest for adaptation purposes” might boost uptake by growers. Since 2006, 36 historical cultivars have been registered. Most of these have been neglected in the past due to late maturity, lack of sugar and high titratable acidity at harvest time. Such characteristics are today considered as positive qualities, not only in mitigation of the effects of climate change, but also as an opportunity for restoring diversity…

The bottleneck/cork interface: A key parameter for wine aging in bottle

The shelf life of wine is a major concern for the wine industry. This is particularly true for wines intended for long cellaring, which are supposed to reach their peak after an ageing period ranging from a few months to several years, or even decades. Low, controlled oxygen inputs through the closure system are generally necessary for the wine to evolve towards its optimum organoleptic characteristics. Our previous studies have already shown that the interface between the cork and the bottleneck plays a crucial role in the transfer of oxygen into the bottled wine.

Application of treatments to delay the ripening of grape varieties cultivated in valpolicella

Winegrape cultivars are particularly sensitive to temperature and recent changes in climate have advanced the onset of berry ripening, resulting in unbalanced fruit composition at harvest.