Terroir 1996 banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 Study of grape plant behaviour (cv. Chasselas) on various “terroirs” of the Vaud county (Switzerland)

Study of grape plant behaviour (cv. Chasselas) on various “terroirs” of the Vaud county (Switzerland)

Abstract

[English version below]

L’étude du comportement physiologique et agronomique de la vigne (cv. Chasselas) a été réalisée en 2001 par la Station fédérale de recherches en production végétale de Changins sur divers terroirs viticoles vaudois (Suisse), dans le cadre d’un projet d’étude des terroirs viticoles vaudois en collaboration avec le bureau I LETESSIER (SIGALES) à Grenoble et l’École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). Les unités pédologiques définies et représentatives du vignoble (moraines épaisses peu compactes, moraines compactes de pente, colluviosols de bas de pente et peyrosols) ont entraîné des réponses pertinentes du végétal, notamment sur le comportement hydrique de la vigne, l’expression végétative et la vigueur des souches ainsi que sur les caractéristiques qualitatives de la récolte (les moraines représentant plus de 80% de la surface viticole). Le suivi de l’alimentation hydrique de la vigne, effectué au moyen du Ψbase, a montré que le niveau de contrainte hydrique a été faible durant la plus grande partie de la saison 2001 (année humide) sur l’ensemble du vignoble. Néanmoins, les vignes établies sur des sols à réserve utile (RU) et enracinement limités (moraines compactes de pente, moraines sur molasse conglomératique ou gréseuse) ont présenté un niveau de contrainte, qualifiée de modérée durant la maturation du raisin. Les vignes situées sur des colluviosols, des moraines épaisses et peu compactes, et des peyrosols à RU et enracinement plus importants ont été caractérisées par une absence de contrainte hydrique tout au long de la saison. La précocité des terroirs et la vitesse de croissance végétative ont été principalement influencées par le mésoclimat thermique (altitude, inclinaison et orientation des pentes).
L’expression végétative de la vigne, analysée à travers la taille moyenne des feuilles, la biomasse foliaire rognée et l’indice chlorophyllien, ainsi que la vigueur des souches (poids des bois de taille) ont été largement tributaires du réservoir en eau des sols et des conditions, d’alimentation hydrique de la plante durant la saison. Les caractéristiques de la production (poids des baies et des grappes) et de la maturation du raisin ont également été conditionnées par les terroirs. L’accumulation des sucres dans les baies a été influencée par le rapport feuille-fruit ou en d’autres tenues par la SFE/kg de raisin obtenue dans les principaux terroirs. La maîtrise de ce rapport semble déterminante. Les teneurs en acidité totale et en acide malique des moûts ont été plus élevées dans les vignes implantées sur des colluviosols, les autres terroirs indiquant des valeurs plus faibles. Le mésoclimat (principalement l’altitude) a conditionné la teneur en acidité des baies en début de maturation. L’évolution de la teneur en acide tartrique des raisins a été équivalente pour les divers terroirs. Le suivi de l’indice de formol, effectué durant la maturation, a indiqué que l’alimentation en azote des baies a été bonne à élever sur l’ensemble du réseau. Les vignes vigoureuses ont affiché des taux supérieurs de pourriture à la vendange.

In 2001 a study of the physiological and agronomic behavior of grape plant (cv Chasselas) in various “terroirs” of the Vaud county (Switzerland) was performed by the Swiss Federal Research Station for Plant Production of Changins in the frame of the study project “Wine terroirs of Vaud” and in collaboration with the office I. LETESSIER (SIGALES) in Grenoble and the Federal Polytechnic High School of Lausanne (EPFL). The soil composition representative of the units of vineyard – thick and not very compact moraines, sloping and compact moraines, moraines on conglomerate or sandstone (moraines representing more than 80% of vineyard surface), colluvial downhill soils and various stony soils (peyrosoil) – was important for plant response, in particular for the mechanism of water regulation system and for qualitative assessment (growth speed of berries, final weight of berries and bunches, grape maturation). A study of the water supply system to vines, carried out using Ψbase, has shown that water stress levels were low during the greater part of the season 2001 (wet year) over the whole of the vineyards. Nevertheless, moderate stress levels were recorded during the time of grape ripening in vines set on soils with lower useful reservoirs (RU) and shallow root systems (sloping and compact moraines, moraines on conglomerate or sandstone). Vines situated on stony soils with higher RU levels and deeper root systems were characterized by a complete lack of water stress throughout the whole season. The advance in “terroir” plant development and speed of growth were mainly influenced by the thermic mesoclimate (altitude, angle and orientation of slopes). The vegetative outgrowth of the vine (analyzed by average leaf size), clippings of the foliage biomass, the chlorophyll index, together with plant strength (weight of pruned wood) all largely contributed to the soil water reservoir and conditions of water supply to plants during the season of growth. Production characteristics (weight of grapes and bunch of grapes) and fruit ripening were also conditioned by the “terroir”. Sugar accumulation in berries was influenced by the leaf fruit ratio or, in other words, by the SFE/kg of grapes obtained in principle vineyards. The importance of this ratio appears to be determinant. The amounts of total acidity and malic acid in the must were higher in vines planted on colluvial soils, while other “terroirs” indicated lower values. The mesoclimate (essentially the altitude) conditioned acidity levels in the grapes at the start of ripening. The development of tartaric acid levels in grapes was equivalent in the various vineyards. A follow up of the Formol index, carried out during the time of ripening, showed that nitrogen supply to berries was good to high over the whole of the region. Healthy vines boasted higher rates of Botrytis cinerea at harvest.

DOI:

Publication date: February 15, 2022

Issue: Terroir 2002

Type: Article

Authors

V. ZUFFEREY (1), F. MURISIER (1) , Véronique BONNET (3), C. VERDUN (4), D. LOIZEAU (5), J.-L. SPRING (1), C. BRIGUET (2)

(1) Station Fédérale de Recherches en production végétale de Changins, Centre viticole du Caudoz, CH-1009 Pully, Suisse
(2) Prométerre, Avenue des Jordils 1, CH-1000 Lausanne 6, Suisse
(3) ENSA Montpellier, 4) ENSA Rennes, 5) UFR Sciences Angers, France

Keywords

terroirs viticoles, fonctionnement hydrique, expression végétative, qualité des raisins
wine terroir, mechanism of water regulation system, vegetative outgrowth, grape quality

Tags

IVES Conference Series | Terroir 2002

Citation

Related articles…

How can historical cultivars mitigate the effects of climate change?

IFV, INRAe and the national network “Partenaires de la Sélection Vigne” representing 37 organizations from the different wine regions, have been working increasingly closely over the last 2 decades towards the preservation of the French varietal patrimony. There are approximately 600 patrimonial varieties according to INRAe and SupAgro Montpellier experts, including ancient cultivars (400) and intravarietal crossbreeds obtained since the 19th century. In the context of a drastic reduction in such varieties from the mid 1980’s in favor of mainstream varieties, it was essential to carry out an inventory of old vines and vineyards. INRAe Vassal collection plays a key role here as it holds the largest diversity available, along with a rich bibliography and herbariums, offering us the opportunity to document and double check the identity of a cultivar, consolidating the expertise of ampelographers. The work is carried out in several stages, from verifying the existence of a variety in a small region, through to rehabilitation. During this session, the authors present the process that leads to the official registration of a variety. After this, IFV selection center takes over to initiate the process of selection and propagation. A specific focus within regions such as the Alps, Champagne and the South-West will provide details of the full procedure. Bia, Bouysselet, Chardonnay rose, Mecle and the aptly named Tardif, are some of the cultivars that have followed this procedure. Furthermore, a recent regulation established by INAO on “varieties of interest for adaptation purposes” might boost uptake by growers. Since 2006, 36 historical cultivars have been registered. Most of these have been neglected in the past due to late maturity, lack of sugar and high titratable acidity at harvest time. Such characteristics are today considered as positive qualities, not only in mitigation of the effects of climate change, but also as an opportunity for restoring diversity…

Mesoclimate impact on Tannat in the Atlantic terroir of Uruguay

The study of climate is relevant as an element conditioning the typicity of a product, its quality and sustainability over the years. The grapevine development and growth and the final grape and wine composition are closely related to temperature, while climate components vary at mesoscale according to topography and/or proximity to large bodies of water. The objective of this work is to assess the mesoclimate of the Atlantic region of Uruguay and to determine the effect of topography and the ocean on temperature and consequently on Tannat grapevine behavior.

Is wine terroir a valid concept under a changing climate?

The OIV[i] defines terroir as a concept referring to an area in which collective knowledge of the interactions between the physical and biological environment (soil, topography, climate, landscape characteristics and biodiversity features) and vitivinicultural practices develops, providing distinctive wine characteristics. Those are perceptible in the taste of wine, which drives consumer preference and, therefore, wine’s value in the marketplace. Geographical indications (GI) are recognized regulatory constructs formalizing and protecting the nexus between wine taste and the terroir generating it. Despite considering updates, GIs do not consider the nexus as a dynamic one and do not anticipate change, namely of climate. Being climate a fundamental feature of terroir, it strongly impacts wine characteristics, such as taste. According to IPCC[ii], many widespread, rapid and unprecedented changes of climate occurred, some being irreversible over hundreds to thousands of years. Climatic shifts and atmospheric-driven extreme events have been widely reported worldwide. Recent climatic trends are projected to strengthen in upcoming decades, whereas extremes are expected to increase in frequency and intensity, forcing wines away from GI definitions. Geographical shifts of viticultural suitability are projected, often moving into regions and countries different from current ones. Some authors propose adaptation in viticulture, winemaking and product innovation. We show evidence of climate changing wine characteristics in the Douro valley, home of 270-year-old Port GI. We discuss herein resist or adapt stances for when climate changes the nexus between terroir and wine characteristics. Using the MED-GOLD[iii] dashboard, a tool allowing for easy visual navigation of past and future climates, we demonstrate how policymakers can identify future moments, throughout the 21st century under different emission scenarios, when GI specifications will likely need updates (e.g., boundaries, varieties) to reduce climate-change impacts.

Local adaptation tools to ensure the viticultural sustainability in a changing climate

[lwp_divi_breadcrumbs home_text="IVES" use_before_icon="on" before_icon="||divi||400" module_id="publication-ariane" _builder_version="4.19.4" _module_preset="default" module_text_align="center" module_font_size="16px" text_orientation="center"...

Optimizing stomatal traits for future climates

Stomatal traits determine grapevine water use, carbon supply, and water stress, which directly impact yield and berry chemistry. Breeding for stomatal traits has the strong potential to improve grapevine performance under future, drier conditions, but the trait values that breeders should target are unknown. We used a functional-structural plant model developed for grapevine (HydroShoot) to determine how stomatal traits impact canopy gas exchange, water potential, and temperature under historical and future conditions in high-quality and hot-climate California wine regions (Napa and the Central Valley). Historical climate (1990-2010) was collected from weather stations and future climate (2079-99) was projected from 4 representative climate models for California, assuming medium- and high-emissions (RCP 4.5 and 8.5). Five trait parameterizations, representing mean and extreme values for the maximum stomatal conductance (gmax) and leaf water potential threshold for stomatal closure (Ψsc), were defined from meta-analyses. Compared to mean trait values, the water-spending extremes (highest gmax or most negative Ysc) had negligible benefits for carbon gain and canopy cooling, but exacerbated vine water use and stress, for both sites and climate scenarios. These traits increased cumulative transpiration by 8 – 17%, changed cumulative carbon gain by -4 – 3%, and reduced minimum water potentials by 10 – 18%. Conversely, the water-saving extremes (lowest gmax or least negative Ψsc) strongly reduced water use and stress, but potentially compromised the carbon supply for ripening. Under RCP 8.5 conditions, these traits reduced transpiration by 22 – 35% and carbon gain by 9 – 16% and increased minimum water potentials by 20 – 28%, compared to mean values. Overall, selecting for more water-saving stomatal traits could improve water-use efficiency and avoid the detrimental effects of highly negative canopy water potentials on yield and quality, but more work is needed to evaluate whether these benefits outweigh the consequences of minor declines in carbon gain for fruit production.