Terroir 1996 banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 Study of grape plant behaviour (cv. Chasselas) on various “terroirs” of the Vaud county (Switzerland)

Study of grape plant behaviour (cv. Chasselas) on various “terroirs” of the Vaud county (Switzerland)

Abstract

[English version below]

L’étude du comportement physiologique et agronomique de la vigne (cv. Chasselas) a été réalisée en 2001 par la Station fédérale de recherches en production végétale de Changins sur divers terroirs viticoles vaudois (Suisse), dans le cadre d’un projet d’étude des terroirs viticoles vaudois en collaboration avec le bureau I LETESSIER (SIGALES) à Grenoble et l’École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). Les unités pédologiques définies et représentatives du vignoble (moraines épaisses peu compactes, moraines compactes de pente, colluviosols de bas de pente et peyrosols) ont entraîné des réponses pertinentes du végétal, notamment sur le comportement hydrique de la vigne, l’expression végétative et la vigueur des souches ainsi que sur les caractéristiques qualitatives de la récolte (les moraines représentant plus de 80% de la surface viticole). Le suivi de l’alimentation hydrique de la vigne, effectué au moyen du Ψbase, a montré que le niveau de contrainte hydrique a été faible durant la plus grande partie de la saison 2001 (année humide) sur l’ensemble du vignoble. Néanmoins, les vignes établies sur des sols à réserve utile (RU) et enracinement limités (moraines compactes de pente, moraines sur molasse conglomératique ou gréseuse) ont présenté un niveau de contrainte, qualifiée de modérée durant la maturation du raisin. Les vignes situées sur des colluviosols, des moraines épaisses et peu compactes, et des peyrosols à RU et enracinement plus importants ont été caractérisées par une absence de contrainte hydrique tout au long de la saison. La précocité des terroirs et la vitesse de croissance végétative ont été principalement influencées par le mésoclimat thermique (altitude, inclinaison et orientation des pentes).
L’expression végétative de la vigne, analysée à travers la taille moyenne des feuilles, la biomasse foliaire rognée et l’indice chlorophyllien, ainsi que la vigueur des souches (poids des bois de taille) ont été largement tributaires du réservoir en eau des sols et des conditions, d’alimentation hydrique de la plante durant la saison. Les caractéristiques de la production (poids des baies et des grappes) et de la maturation du raisin ont également été conditionnées par les terroirs. L’accumulation des sucres dans les baies a été influencée par le rapport feuille-fruit ou en d’autres tenues par la SFE/kg de raisin obtenue dans les principaux terroirs. La maîtrise de ce rapport semble déterminante. Les teneurs en acidité totale et en acide malique des moûts ont été plus élevées dans les vignes implantées sur des colluviosols, les autres terroirs indiquant des valeurs plus faibles. Le mésoclimat (principalement l’altitude) a conditionné la teneur en acidité des baies en début de maturation. L’évolution de la teneur en acide tartrique des raisins a été équivalente pour les divers terroirs. Le suivi de l’indice de formol, effectué durant la maturation, a indiqué que l’alimentation en azote des baies a été bonne à élever sur l’ensemble du réseau. Les vignes vigoureuses ont affiché des taux supérieurs de pourriture à la vendange.

In 2001 a study of the physiological and agronomic behavior of grape plant (cv Chasselas) in various “terroirs” of the Vaud county (Switzerland) was performed by the Swiss Federal Research Station for Plant Production of Changins in the frame of the study project “Wine terroirs of Vaud” and in collaboration with the office I. LETESSIER (SIGALES) in Grenoble and the Federal Polytechnic High School of Lausanne (EPFL). The soil composition representative of the units of vineyard – thick and not very compact moraines, sloping and compact moraines, moraines on conglomerate or sandstone (moraines representing more than 80% of vineyard surface), colluvial downhill soils and various stony soils (peyrosoil) – was important for plant response, in particular for the mechanism of water regulation system and for qualitative assessment (growth speed of berries, final weight of berries and bunches, grape maturation). A study of the water supply system to vines, carried out using Ψbase, has shown that water stress levels were low during the greater part of the season 2001 (wet year) over the whole of the vineyards. Nevertheless, moderate stress levels were recorded during the time of grape ripening in vines set on soils with lower useful reservoirs (RU) and shallow root systems (sloping and compact moraines, moraines on conglomerate or sandstone). Vines situated on stony soils with higher RU levels and deeper root systems were characterized by a complete lack of water stress throughout the whole season. The advance in “terroir” plant development and speed of growth were mainly influenced by the thermic mesoclimate (altitude, angle and orientation of slopes). The vegetative outgrowth of the vine (analyzed by average leaf size), clippings of the foliage biomass, the chlorophyll index, together with plant strength (weight of pruned wood) all largely contributed to the soil water reservoir and conditions of water supply to plants during the season of growth. Production characteristics (weight of grapes and bunch of grapes) and fruit ripening were also conditioned by the “terroir”. Sugar accumulation in berries was influenced by the leaf fruit ratio or, in other words, by the SFE/kg of grapes obtained in principle vineyards. The importance of this ratio appears to be determinant. The amounts of total acidity and malic acid in the must were higher in vines planted on colluvial soils, while other “terroirs” indicated lower values. The mesoclimate (essentially the altitude) conditioned acidity levels in the grapes at the start of ripening. The development of tartaric acid levels in grapes was equivalent in the various vineyards. A follow up of the Formol index, carried out during the time of ripening, showed that nitrogen supply to berries was good to high over the whole of the region. Healthy vines boasted higher rates of Botrytis cinerea at harvest.

DOI:

Publication date: February 15, 2022

Issue: Terroir 2002

Type: Article

Authors

V. ZUFFEREY (1), F. MURISIER (1) , Véronique BONNET (3), C. VERDUN (4), D. LOIZEAU (5), J.-L. SPRING (1), C. BRIGUET (2)

(1) Station Fédérale de Recherches en production végétale de Changins, Centre viticole du Caudoz, CH-1009 Pully, Suisse
(2) Prométerre, Avenue des Jordils 1, CH-1000 Lausanne 6, Suisse
(3) ENSA Montpellier, 4) ENSA Rennes, 5) UFR Sciences Angers, France

Keywords

terroirs viticoles, fonctionnement hydrique, expression végétative, qualité des raisins
wine terroir, mechanism of water regulation system, vegetative outgrowth, grape quality

Tags

IVES Conference Series | Terroir 2002

Citation

Related articles…

Permanent cover cropping with reduced tillage increased resiliency of wine grape vineyards to climate change

Majority of California’s vineyards rely on supplemental irrigation to overcome abiotic stressors. In the context of climate change, increases in growing season temperatures and crop evapotranspiration pose a risk to adaptation of viticulture to climate change. Vineyard cover crops may mitigate soil erosion and preserve water resources; but there is a lack of information on how they contribute to vineyard resiliency under tillage systems. The aim of this study was to identify the optimum combination of cover crop sand tillage without adversely affecting productivity while preserving plant water status. Two experiments in two contrasting climatic regions were conducted with two cover crops, including a permanent short stature grass (P. bulbosa hybrid), barley (Hordeum spp), and resident vegetation under till vs. no-till systems in a Ruby Cabernet (V. vinifera spp.) (Fresno) and a Cabernet Sauvingon (Napa) vineyard. Results indicated that permanent grass under no-till preserved plant available water until E-L stage 17. Consequently, net carbon assimilation of the permanent grass under no-till system was enhanced compared to those with barley and resident vegetation. On the other hand, the barley under no-till system reduced grapevine net carbon assimilation during berry ripening that led to lower content of nonstructural carbohydrates in shoots at dormancy. Components of yield and berry composition including flavonoid profile at either site were not adversely affected by factors studied. Switching to a permanent cover crop under a no-till system also provided a 9% and 3% benefit in cultural practices costs in Fresno and Napa, respectively. The results of this work provides fundamental information to growers in preserving resiliency of vineyard systems in hot and warm climate regions under context of climate change.

Phenological characterization of a wide range of Vitis Vinifera varieties

In order to study the impact of climate change on Bordeaux grape varieties and to assess the adaptation capacities of candidates to the grape varieties of this wine region to the new climatic conditions, an experimental block design composed of 52 grape varieties was set up in 2009 at the INRAE Bordeaux Aquitaine center. Among the many parameters studied, the three main phenological stages of the vine (budburst, flowering and veraison) have been closely monitored since 2012. Observations for each year, stage and variety were carried out on four independent replicates. Precocity indices have been calculated from the data obtained over the 2012-2021 period (Barbeau et al. 1998). This work allowed to group the phenological behaviour of the grapevine varieties, not only based on the timing of the subsequent developmental stages, but also on the overall precocity of the cycle and the total length of the cycle between budburst and veraison. Results regarding the variability observed among the different grape varieties for these phenological stages are presented as heat maps.

Soil, vine, climate change – what is observed – what is expected

To evaluate the current and future impact of climate change on Viticulture requires an integrated view on a complex interacting system within the soil-plant-atmospheric continuum under continuous change. Aside of the globally observed increase in temperature in basically all viticulture regions for at least four decades, we observe several clear trends at the regional level in the ratio of precipitation to potential evapotranspiration. Additionally the recently published 6th assessment report of the IPCC (The physical science basis) shows case-dependent further expected shifts in climate patterns which will have substantial impacts on the way we will conduct viticulture in the decades to come.
Looking beyond climate developments, we observe rising temperatures in the upper soil layers which will have an impact on the distribution of microbial populations, the decay rate of organic matter or the storage capacity for carbon, thus affecting the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and the viscosity of water in the soil-plant pathway, altering the transport of water. If the upper soil layers dry out faster due to less rainfall and/or increased evapotranspiration driven by higher temperatures, the spectral reflection properties of bare soil change and the transport of latent heat into the fruiting zone is increased putting a higher temperature load on the fruit. Interactions between micro-organisms in the rhizosphere and the grapevine root system are poorly understood but respond to environmental factors (such as increased soil temperatures) and the plant material (rootstock for instance), respectively the cultivation system (for example bio-organic versus conventional). This adds to an extremely complex system to manage in terms of increased resilience, adaptation to and even mitigation of climate change. Nevertheless, taken as a whole, effects on the individual expressions of wines with a given origin, seem highly likely to become more apparent.

‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (Vitis vinifera L.) berry skin flavonol and anthocyanin composition is affected by trellis systems and applied water amounts

Trellis systems are selected in wine grape vineyards to mainly maximize vineyard yield and maintain berry quality. This study was conducted in 2020 and 2021 to evaluate six commonly utilized trellis systems including a vertical shoot positioning (VSP), two relaxed VSPs (VSP60 and VSP80), a single high wire (SH), a high quadrilateral (HQ), and a guyot (GY), combined with three levels of irrigation regimes based on different crop evapotranspiration (ETc) replacements, including a 25% ETc, 50% ETc, and 100% ETc. The results indicated SH yielded the most fruits and accumulated the most total soluble solids (TSS) at harvest in 2020, however, it showed the lowest TSS in the second season. In 2020, SH and HQ showed higher concentrations in most of the anthocyanin derivatives compared to the VSPs. Similar comparisons were noticed in 2021 as well. SH and HQ also accumulated more flavonols in both years compared to other trellis systems. Overall, this study provides information on the efficacy of trellis systems on grapevine yield and berry flavonoid accumulation in a currently warming climate.

Vineyards and clay minerals: multi-technique analytical approach and correlations with soil properties

Purpose of this research is to quantitatively assess the mineral component of vineyard soils, with particular attention to the mineralogical analysis of clays, which represent an element of high importance in the vineyard culture as well as in general agriculture. An X-ray diffraction (XRD) / thermogravimetric (TG) multi-technique analytical approach was developed, tested on soil samples taken from vineyards around the world. This codified analytical procedure was necessary to obtain precise qualitative and quantitative mineralogical data, globally comparable to distinguish the geopedological identity of the vineyards. Soil samples from vineyards of various locations were analysed, in very different geological conditions. The bulk-rock quantitative phase analysis (QPA) was obtained by the Rietveld method while the detailed composition of the clay-sized fraction was determined by modelling of the oriented X-ray diffraction patterns. The research provided a precise classification of the mineral component of soils, distinguishing the mineral phases of the clays and the so-called mixed-layer clay minerals. We found that the content in mixed layers can be directly correlated with the water retention and the cation exchange capacity ​​of the soil, while the presence of other clayey minerals and phyllosilicates in this research did not affect this CEC parameter, which codes the fertility level of the soils. The study demonstrates that terroir, in particular soils formed in complex or very different geological conditions, can only be effectively interpreted by properly analysing its mineral phases, in particular the mixed-layer clay component. These are characteristic abiotic ecological indicators, which may have specific eco-physiological influences on the plant.