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IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 OIV 9 OIV 2024 9 Short communications - Oenology, methods of analysis 9 Reduce sulfur dioxide addition using a natural polymer chitosan phytate

Reduce sulfur dioxide addition using a natural polymer chitosan phytate

Abstract

Most oxidation reactions in wine require iron as a catalyst.   The iron content of wine has decreased greatly in recent decades due to the use of low or no release cellar materials; however, in some cases it is still necessary to adopt winemaking practices to remove excess iron from wine, prevent its oxidation, and be able to reduce the addition of sulfur dioxide and other antioxidants. The historic practice of potassium ferrocyanide has now totally fallen into disuse, and currently pvi-pvp is mainly use; although, it is a polymer of synthetic origin, and whose future market availability is doubtful.  There is, however, another stabilizing practice permitted by european regulations: the use of calcium phytate, which can precipitate ferric iron. This adjuvant is used little or not at all because the procedure of use recommended long time ago requires a preventive treatment of the wine that can compromise its quality. Phytate is a compound of natural origin, found mainly in the tegument of plant seeds (including grape seeds), consisting of an inositol molecule (vitamin b7) on which plants bind up to 6 phosphate groups, thus creating a phosphorus reserve for future germination. In the past, the anti-nutritional character of phytate, which reduces iron assimilation in monogastrics and can induce deficiencies in cereal-dominated diets, was carefully considered, but more recently scientific research has highlighted many positive effects of inositol hexaphosphate, which is now used in agribusiness, pharmacy and other areas. Our work explored the possibility of using phytate to functionalize chitosan, a natural adjuvant authorized in winemaking in europe. Used as is, chitosan reduces the iron content of the wine by at most 20-30%, whereas in our trials the chitosan-phytate polymer achieves removal of more than 90% of the iron, even present in high doses and in ferrous form, and more effectively than pvi-pvp at the same dosage. The polymer of chitosan cross-linked by phytate is added to the wine to be treated and kept in suspension to speed up iron absorption; once agitation ceases, the polymer precipitates rapidly, also exerting a clarifying action. The wines we have treated maintain higher contents of free and total sulfur dioxide over time.

Réduction de l’ajout de dioxyde de soufre par l’utilisation d’un polymère naturel, le chitosane-phytate

La plupart des réactions d’oxydation dans le vin nécessitent du fer comme catalyseur.   La teneur en fer du vin a beaucoup diminué au cours des dernières décennies grâce à l’utilisation de matériaux de cave à faible libération ou sans libération. Toutefois, dans certains cas, il est encore nécessaire d’adopter des pratiques œnologiques pour éliminer l’excès de fer du vin, prévenir l’oxydation et pouvoir réduire l’ajout de dioxyde de soufre et d’autres antioxydants. La pratique historique du ferrocyanure de potassium est aujourd’hui totalement tombée en désuétude ; on utilise actuellement le pvi-pvp, un polymère d’origine synthétique dont la disponibilité future sur le marché est toutefois incertaine.  Il existe cependant une autre pratique autorisée par la réglementation européenne : l’utilisation du phytate de calcium, qui peut précipiter le fer ferrique. Cet adjuvant est peu ou pas utilisé car la procédure d’utilisation préconisée impose un traitement préventif du vin qui peut compromettre sa qualité. Le phytate est un composé d’origine naturelle, présent principalement dans le tégument des graines végétales (y compris les pépins de raisin), constitué d’une molécule d’inositol (vitamine b7) sur laquelle les plantes fixent jusqu’à 6 groupes phosphates, créant ainsi une réserve de phosphore pour la germination future. Dans le passé, l’attention était portée sur le caractère antinutritionnel du phytate, qui réduit l’assimilation du fer chez les monogastriques et peut induire des carences dans les régimes à dominante céréalière, mais plus récemment, la recherche scientifique a mis en évidence de nombreux effets positifs de l’hexaphosphate d’inositol, qui est désormais utilisé dans l’agro-industrie, la pharmacie et d’autres secteurs. Nos travaux ont exploré la possibilité d’utiliser le phytate pour fonctionnaliser le chitosane, un adjuvant naturel autorisé en œnologie. Utilisé tel quel, le chitosane réduit la teneur en fer du vin de 20 à 30 % au maximum, alors que dans nos essais, le polymère chitosane-phytate peut éliminer plus de 90 % du fer, même à fortes doses et sous forme ferreuse, et plus efficacement que le pvi-pvp au même dosage. Le polymère de chitosane réticulé avec le phytate est ajouté au vin à traiter et maintenu en suspension pour accélérer l’absorption du fer; lorsque l’agitation cesse, le polymère précipite rapidement, exerçant également une action clarifiante. Les vins que nous avons traités conservent dans le temps des teneurs plus élevées en anhydride sulfureux libre et total.

Ridurre l’aggiunta di solforosa usando un polimero naturale chitosano-fitato

Gran parte delle reazioni di ossidazione nel vino necessitano del ferro come catalizzatore.   Il contenuto in ferro del vino è diminuito molto negli ultimi decenni grazie all’impiego di materiali di cantina a bassa o nulla cessione; tuttavia, in alcuni casi è ancora necessario adottare pratiche enologiche per rimuovere l’eccesso di ferro dal vino, prevenirne l’ossidazione e poter ridurre l’aggiunta di solforosa e altri antiossidanti. La storica pratica del ferrocianuro di potassio è ormai andata totalmente in disuso; attualmente si utilizza il pvi-pvp, un polimero di origine sintetica e la cui futura disponibilità sul mercato è però dubbia.  Esiste tuttavia un’altra pratica ammessa dalla normativa europea: l’impiego di fitato di calcio che può precipitare il ferro ferrico. Questo coadiuvante viene poco o nulla utilizzato perché la procedura d’uso consigliata a suo tempo richiede un trattamento preventivo del vino che può comprometterne la qualità. Il fitato è un composto di origine naturale, presente soprattutto nel tegumento dei semi vegetali (compresi i vinaccioli), costituito da una molecola di inositolo (vitamina b7) su cui le piante legano fino a 6 gruppi fosfato creando così una riserva di fosforo per la futura germinazione. Nel passato si considerava con attenzione il carattere anti-nutrizionale del fitato, che riduce l’assimilazione del ferro nei monogastrici e può indurre carenze nelle diete predominate dai cereali, ma più recentemente la ricerca scientifica ha messo in evidenza molti effetti positivi dell’inositolo esafosfato, che è ora utilizzato nell’agroalimentare, in farmacia e in altri settori. Il nostro lavoro ha esplorato la possibilità di utilizzare il fitato per funzionalizzare il chitosano, un coadiuvante naturale autorizzato in enologia. Usato tal quale il chitosano riduce al massimo del 20-30% il contenuto in ferro del vino, mentre nelle nostre prove il polimero chitosano-fitato arriva a rimuovere oltre il 90% del ferro, anche presente in dosi elevate e in forma ferrosa, e con maggiore efficacia del pvi-pvp a parità di dosaggio. Il polimero di chitosano reticolato con il fitato è aggiunto al vino da trattare e mantenuto in sospensione per velocizzare l’assorbimento del ferro; una volta cessata l’agitazione il polimero precipita rapidamente esercitando anche un’azione chiarificante. I vini trattati mantengono nel tempo contenuti maggiori di solforosa libera e totale.

Publication date: November 18, 2024

Issue: OIV 2024

Type: Article

Authors

Trioli Gianni¹

¹ Vinidea, Piazza 1 Maggio 20, Ponte dell’Olio, Italy

Contact the author*

Tags

IVES Conference Series | OIV | OIV 2024

Citation

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