terclim by ICS banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 OIV 9 OIV 2024 9 Short communications - Oenology, methods of analysis 9 Reduce sulfur dioxide addition using a natural polymer chitosan phytate

Reduce sulfur dioxide addition using a natural polymer chitosan phytate

Abstract

Most oxidation reactions in wine require iron as a catalyst.   The iron content of wine has decreased greatly in recent decades due to the use of low or no release cellar materials; however, in some cases it is still necessary to adopt winemaking practices to remove excess iron from wine, prevent its oxidation, and be able to reduce the addition of sulfur dioxide and other antioxidants. The historic practice of potassium ferrocyanide has now totally fallen into disuse, and currently pvi-pvp is mainly use; although, it is a polymer of synthetic origin, and whose future market availability is doubtful.  There is, however, another stabilizing practice permitted by european regulations: the use of calcium phytate, which can precipitate ferric iron. This adjuvant is used little or not at all because the procedure of use recommended long time ago requires a preventive treatment of the wine that can compromise its quality. Phytate is a compound of natural origin, found mainly in the tegument of plant seeds (including grape seeds), consisting of an inositol molecule (vitamin b7) on which plants bind up to 6 phosphate groups, thus creating a phosphorus reserve for future germination. In the past, the anti-nutritional character of phytate, which reduces iron assimilation in monogastrics and can induce deficiencies in cereal-dominated diets, was carefully considered, but more recently scientific research has highlighted many positive effects of inositol hexaphosphate, which is now used in agribusiness, pharmacy and other areas. Our work explored the possibility of using phytate to functionalize chitosan, a natural adjuvant authorized in winemaking in europe. Used as is, chitosan reduces the iron content of the wine by at most 20-30%, whereas in our trials the chitosan-phytate polymer achieves removal of more than 90% of the iron, even present in high doses and in ferrous form, and more effectively than pvi-pvp at the same dosage. The polymer of chitosan cross-linked by phytate is added to the wine to be treated and kept in suspension to speed up iron absorption; once agitation ceases, the polymer precipitates rapidly, also exerting a clarifying action. The wines we have treated maintain higher contents of free and total sulfur dioxide over time.

Réduction de l’ajout de dioxyde de soufre par l’utilisation d’un polymère naturel, le chitosane-phytate

La plupart des réactions d’oxydation dans le vin nécessitent du fer comme catalyseur.   La teneur en fer du vin a beaucoup diminué au cours des dernières décennies grâce à l’utilisation de matériaux de cave à faible libération ou sans libération. Toutefois, dans certains cas, il est encore nécessaire d’adopter des pratiques œnologiques pour éliminer l’excès de fer du vin, prévenir l’oxydation et pouvoir réduire l’ajout de dioxyde de soufre et d’autres antioxydants. La pratique historique du ferrocyanure de potassium est aujourd’hui totalement tombée en désuétude ; on utilise actuellement le pvi-pvp, un polymère d’origine synthétique dont la disponibilité future sur le marché est toutefois incertaine.  Il existe cependant une autre pratique autorisée par la réglementation européenne : l’utilisation du phytate de calcium, qui peut précipiter le fer ferrique. Cet adjuvant est peu ou pas utilisé car la procédure d’utilisation préconisée impose un traitement préventif du vin qui peut compromettre sa qualité. Le phytate est un composé d’origine naturelle, présent principalement dans le tégument des graines végétales (y compris les pépins de raisin), constitué d’une molécule d’inositol (vitamine b7) sur laquelle les plantes fixent jusqu’à 6 groupes phosphates, créant ainsi une réserve de phosphore pour la germination future. Dans le passé, l’attention était portée sur le caractère antinutritionnel du phytate, qui réduit l’assimilation du fer chez les monogastriques et peut induire des carences dans les régimes à dominante céréalière, mais plus récemment, la recherche scientifique a mis en évidence de nombreux effets positifs de l’hexaphosphate d’inositol, qui est désormais utilisé dans l’agro-industrie, la pharmacie et d’autres secteurs. Nos travaux ont exploré la possibilité d’utiliser le phytate pour fonctionnaliser le chitosane, un adjuvant naturel autorisé en œnologie. Utilisé tel quel, le chitosane réduit la teneur en fer du vin de 20 à 30 % au maximum, alors que dans nos essais, le polymère chitosane-phytate peut éliminer plus de 90 % du fer, même à fortes doses et sous forme ferreuse, et plus efficacement que le pvi-pvp au même dosage. Le polymère de chitosane réticulé avec le phytate est ajouté au vin à traiter et maintenu en suspension pour accélérer l’absorption du fer; lorsque l’agitation cesse, le polymère précipite rapidement, exerçant également une action clarifiante. Les vins que nous avons traités conservent dans le temps des teneurs plus élevées en anhydride sulfureux libre et total.

Ridurre l’aggiunta di solforosa usando un polimero naturale chitosano-fitato

Gran parte delle reazioni di ossidazione nel vino necessitano del ferro come catalizzatore.   Il contenuto in ferro del vino è diminuito molto negli ultimi decenni grazie all’impiego di materiali di cantina a bassa o nulla cessione; tuttavia, in alcuni casi è ancora necessario adottare pratiche enologiche per rimuovere l’eccesso di ferro dal vino, prevenirne l’ossidazione e poter ridurre l’aggiunta di solforosa e altri antiossidanti. La storica pratica del ferrocianuro di potassio è ormai andata totalmente in disuso; attualmente si utilizza il pvi-pvp, un polimero di origine sintetica e la cui futura disponibilità sul mercato è però dubbia.  Esiste tuttavia un’altra pratica ammessa dalla normativa europea: l’impiego di fitato di calcio che può precipitare il ferro ferrico. Questo coadiuvante viene poco o nulla utilizzato perché la procedura d’uso consigliata a suo tempo richiede un trattamento preventivo del vino che può comprometterne la qualità. Il fitato è un composto di origine naturale, presente soprattutto nel tegumento dei semi vegetali (compresi i vinaccioli), costituito da una molecola di inositolo (vitamina b7) su cui le piante legano fino a 6 gruppi fosfato creando così una riserva di fosforo per la futura germinazione. Nel passato si considerava con attenzione il carattere anti-nutrizionale del fitato, che riduce l’assimilazione del ferro nei monogastrici e può indurre carenze nelle diete predominate dai cereali, ma più recentemente la ricerca scientifica ha messo in evidenza molti effetti positivi dell’inositolo esafosfato, che è ora utilizzato nell’agroalimentare, in farmacia e in altri settori. Il nostro lavoro ha esplorato la possibilità di utilizzare il fitato per funzionalizzare il chitosano, un coadiuvante naturale autorizzato in enologia. Usato tal quale il chitosano riduce al massimo del 20-30% il contenuto in ferro del vino, mentre nelle nostre prove il polimero chitosano-fitato arriva a rimuovere oltre il 90% del ferro, anche presente in dosi elevate e in forma ferrosa, e con maggiore efficacia del pvi-pvp a parità di dosaggio. Il polimero di chitosano reticolato con il fitato è aggiunto al vino da trattare e mantenuto in sospensione per velocizzare l’assorbimento del ferro; una volta cessata l’agitazione il polimero precipita rapidamente esercitando anche un’azione chiarificante. I vini trattati mantengono nel tempo contenuti maggiori di solforosa libera e totale.

Publication date: November 18, 2024

Issue: OIV 2024

Type: Article

Authors

Trioli Gianni¹

¹ Vinidea, Piazza 1 Maggio 20, Ponte dell’Olio, Italy

Contact the author*

Tags

IVES Conference Series | OIV | OIV 2024

Citation

Related articles…

French wine sector facing climate change (part. 2) : the implementation of the national strategy

This summary follows this made by Hervé Hannin et al. Entitled “French wine sector facing climate change (part. 1) : a national strategy built on a foresight and participatory approach “. The french wine sector has taken a collective approach to the issue of climate change, and has officially submitted its strategy to the minister of agriculture in 2021. This industry policy is the result of multidisciplinary work carried out through the “laccave” project (metaprogramme accaf, inrae) and its prospective study designed to anticipate climate change in the french wine industry (aigrain p. Et al., 2016). French wine professionals decided to structure a strategy to deal with climate change du in particular to the presentation made at the 2016 OIV congress in Brazil.

Lean management to improve sustainability in wine sector: an exploratory study in the Prosecco DOC appellation

The contemporary wine sector confronts a formidable array of challenges, including burgeoning production costs and the constricted availability of natural resources. Heightened consumer awareness regarding sustainability issues further compounds these pressures, compelling companies to adopt more judicious resource utilization strategies. In response to these imperatives, there is a growing recognition of the need to overhaul production methodologies within the wine industry with a view to minimizing inputs and eliminating waste.

Exploring the potential of Hanseniaspora vineae for quality wines production

Traditionally, non-saccharomyces yeasts were deemed undesirable in winemaking, for this reason, it is a common practice to add sulphites to prevent their proliferation during the initial stages of vinification. However, the current research on yeast diversity has unveiled numerous non-saccharomyces strains possessing advantageous traits that enrich the sensory profile of wines. The genus hanseniaspora is often associated with wine fermentation and is also commonly found on grapes.

Impacts of climate change on wine producer countries located north of the wine belt

Climate change poses significant challenges to the global wine sector, with cool-climate countries particularly vulnerable to its effects. The research employs a panel data analysis to investigate the impact of climate change on the wine industry in 66 countries, focusing on 11 cool-climate countries located north of the wine belt in the northern hemisphere. Utilizing data from OIV, FAO and climatic statistics from the climate change knowledge portal of the world bank spanning from 1961 to 2020, the research examines the relationship between temperature, precipitation, and wine production.

Viticulture between adaptation and resilience: the role of the Italian long-term observatories for vineyard energy, water and carbon budgets

Viticulture is exposed to a range of new stressors, that are challenging its sustainability and disrupting famous and well-established production regions. Steady increase of average temperature, recurring heat waves, altered rainfall seasonal distribution, drought spells, increased pathogens pressure, they all mix up with increased frequency, making every growing season a special challenge and calling for new approaches to cope with worrying scenarios.