terclim by ICS banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 OIV 9 OIV 2024 9 Short communications - Oenology, methods of analysis 9 Reduce sulfur dioxide addition using a natural polymer chitosan phytate

Reduce sulfur dioxide addition using a natural polymer chitosan phytate

Abstract

Most oxidation reactions in wine require iron as a catalyst.   The iron content of wine has decreased greatly in recent decades due to the use of low or no release cellar materials; however, in some cases it is still necessary to adopt winemaking practices to remove excess iron from wine, prevent its oxidation, and be able to reduce the addition of sulfur dioxide and other antioxidants. The historic practice of potassium ferrocyanide has now totally fallen into disuse, and currently pvi-pvp is mainly use; although, it is a polymer of synthetic origin, and whose future market availability is doubtful.  There is, however, another stabilizing practice permitted by european regulations: the use of calcium phytate, which can precipitate ferric iron. This adjuvant is used little or not at all because the procedure of use recommended long time ago requires a preventive treatment of the wine that can compromise its quality. Phytate is a compound of natural origin, found mainly in the tegument of plant seeds (including grape seeds), consisting of an inositol molecule (vitamin b7) on which plants bind up to 6 phosphate groups, thus creating a phosphorus reserve for future germination. In the past, the anti-nutritional character of phytate, which reduces iron assimilation in monogastrics and can induce deficiencies in cereal-dominated diets, was carefully considered, but more recently scientific research has highlighted many positive effects of inositol hexaphosphate, which is now used in agribusiness, pharmacy and other areas. Our work explored the possibility of using phytate to functionalize chitosan, a natural adjuvant authorized in winemaking in europe. Used as is, chitosan reduces the iron content of the wine by at most 20-30%, whereas in our trials the chitosan-phytate polymer achieves removal of more than 90% of the iron, even present in high doses and in ferrous form, and more effectively than pvi-pvp at the same dosage. The polymer of chitosan cross-linked by phytate is added to the wine to be treated and kept in suspension to speed up iron absorption; once agitation ceases, the polymer precipitates rapidly, also exerting a clarifying action. The wines we have treated maintain higher contents of free and total sulfur dioxide over time.

Réduction de l’ajout de dioxyde de soufre par l’utilisation d’un polymère naturel, le chitosane-phytate

La plupart des réactions d’oxydation dans le vin nécessitent du fer comme catalyseur.   La teneur en fer du vin a beaucoup diminué au cours des dernières décennies grâce à l’utilisation de matériaux de cave à faible libération ou sans libération. Toutefois, dans certains cas, il est encore nécessaire d’adopter des pratiques œnologiques pour éliminer l’excès de fer du vin, prévenir l’oxydation et pouvoir réduire l’ajout de dioxyde de soufre et d’autres antioxydants. La pratique historique du ferrocyanure de potassium est aujourd’hui totalement tombée en désuétude ; on utilise actuellement le pvi-pvp, un polymère d’origine synthétique dont la disponibilité future sur le marché est toutefois incertaine.  Il existe cependant une autre pratique autorisée par la réglementation européenne : l’utilisation du phytate de calcium, qui peut précipiter le fer ferrique. Cet adjuvant est peu ou pas utilisé car la procédure d’utilisation préconisée impose un traitement préventif du vin qui peut compromettre sa qualité. Le phytate est un composé d’origine naturelle, présent principalement dans le tégument des graines végétales (y compris les pépins de raisin), constitué d’une molécule d’inositol (vitamine b7) sur laquelle les plantes fixent jusqu’à 6 groupes phosphates, créant ainsi une réserve de phosphore pour la germination future. Dans le passé, l’attention était portée sur le caractère antinutritionnel du phytate, qui réduit l’assimilation du fer chez les monogastriques et peut induire des carences dans les régimes à dominante céréalière, mais plus récemment, la recherche scientifique a mis en évidence de nombreux effets positifs de l’hexaphosphate d’inositol, qui est désormais utilisé dans l’agro-industrie, la pharmacie et d’autres secteurs. Nos travaux ont exploré la possibilité d’utiliser le phytate pour fonctionnaliser le chitosane, un adjuvant naturel autorisé en œnologie. Utilisé tel quel, le chitosane réduit la teneur en fer du vin de 20 à 30 % au maximum, alors que dans nos essais, le polymère chitosane-phytate peut éliminer plus de 90 % du fer, même à fortes doses et sous forme ferreuse, et plus efficacement que le pvi-pvp au même dosage. Le polymère de chitosane réticulé avec le phytate est ajouté au vin à traiter et maintenu en suspension pour accélérer l’absorption du fer; lorsque l’agitation cesse, le polymère précipite rapidement, exerçant également une action clarifiante. Les vins que nous avons traités conservent dans le temps des teneurs plus élevées en anhydride sulfureux libre et total.

Ridurre l’aggiunta di solforosa usando un polimero naturale chitosano-fitato

Gran parte delle reazioni di ossidazione nel vino necessitano del ferro come catalizzatore.   Il contenuto in ferro del vino è diminuito molto negli ultimi decenni grazie all’impiego di materiali di cantina a bassa o nulla cessione; tuttavia, in alcuni casi è ancora necessario adottare pratiche enologiche per rimuovere l’eccesso di ferro dal vino, prevenirne l’ossidazione e poter ridurre l’aggiunta di solforosa e altri antiossidanti. La storica pratica del ferrocianuro di potassio è ormai andata totalmente in disuso; attualmente si utilizza il pvi-pvp, un polimero di origine sintetica e la cui futura disponibilità sul mercato è però dubbia.  Esiste tuttavia un’altra pratica ammessa dalla normativa europea: l’impiego di fitato di calcio che può precipitare il ferro ferrico. Questo coadiuvante viene poco o nulla utilizzato perché la procedura d’uso consigliata a suo tempo richiede un trattamento preventivo del vino che può comprometterne la qualità. Il fitato è un composto di origine naturale, presente soprattutto nel tegumento dei semi vegetali (compresi i vinaccioli), costituito da una molecola di inositolo (vitamina b7) su cui le piante legano fino a 6 gruppi fosfato creando così una riserva di fosforo per la futura germinazione. Nel passato si considerava con attenzione il carattere anti-nutrizionale del fitato, che riduce l’assimilazione del ferro nei monogastrici e può indurre carenze nelle diete predominate dai cereali, ma più recentemente la ricerca scientifica ha messo in evidenza molti effetti positivi dell’inositolo esafosfato, che è ora utilizzato nell’agroalimentare, in farmacia e in altri settori. Il nostro lavoro ha esplorato la possibilità di utilizzare il fitato per funzionalizzare il chitosano, un coadiuvante naturale autorizzato in enologia. Usato tal quale il chitosano riduce al massimo del 20-30% il contenuto in ferro del vino, mentre nelle nostre prove il polimero chitosano-fitato arriva a rimuovere oltre il 90% del ferro, anche presente in dosi elevate e in forma ferrosa, e con maggiore efficacia del pvi-pvp a parità di dosaggio. Il polimero di chitosano reticolato con il fitato è aggiunto al vino da trattare e mantenuto in sospensione per velocizzare l’assorbimento del ferro; una volta cessata l’agitazione il polimero precipita rapidamente esercitando anche un’azione chiarificante. I vini trattati mantengono nel tempo contenuti maggiori di solforosa libera e totale.

Publication date: November 18, 2024

Issue: OIV 2024

Type: Article

Authors

Trioli Gianni¹

¹ Vinidea, Piazza 1 Maggio 20, Ponte dell’Olio, Italy

Contact the author*

Tags

IVES Conference Series | OIV | OIV 2024

Citation

Related articles…

Physical-chemical and sensory characterization of wine made with the cultivar syrah produced in a double pruning system

In recent years, the consumption of fine wines in Brazil has increased significantly, a phenomenon that is also reflected in the expansion of production to new regions. In the brazilian southeast for example, the so-called “winter wines” are being produced, through management in two cycles, one of formation and one of production, with two prunings and one harvest per year, a technique known as double pruning, with vineyards established at altitudes close to or above 1,000 m above sea level.

Automated red microvinification (1kg) adapted to the needs of varietal innovation

The creation of disease-resistant varieties adapted to climate change is a key challenge for the future of the wine industry. At present, the selection of these new varieties is essentially based on screening for genetic markers of resistance and agronomic criteria, due to the small number of vines available per genotype. Integrating screening for oenological criteria into the early stages of selection would speed up this process.

Climats: a model of terroir-based winegrowing recognized by UNESCO

In Burgundy, a climat has nothing to do with the weather but accurately designates a named vine plot, often centuries-old, which produces a singular wine. This wine is the combination of history, the natural environment (relief, type of soil, exposure to the sun), a grape variety and know-how going back thousands of years. The grapes of each climat are harvested separately and the wine is made from a single grape variety and has a unique name featured on the bottle. Romanée conti, clos de vougeot, montrachet, musigny, corton…

Биотехнология в системе оздоровления и размножения комплексно-устойчивых сортов винограда на Юге России

The production of certified grape planting material is one of the most important problems in the Russian federation. According to the scheme for the production of healthy grape planting material, before being introduced into in vitro culture, the source plants of each variety (Moldova, Augustin, Bart) were individually assessed for typical varietal characteristics and the presence/absence of symptoms of infection by pests.

Grafting, the most sustainable way to control phylloxera over 150 years

Just over 150 years ago, phylloxera, daktulosphaera vitifoliae, was introduced to europe, and particularly france, from north america via imports of american vitis plants. This aphid, with its complex biology and life cycle, has spread rapidly to most vineyards, causing rapid and lethal decline of v. Vinifera vines due to the primary and secondary damage it causes to the roots. In response to this pest, and given the economic importance of the french wine sector, professional representatives organised into ‘agricultural societies’, scientists and public authorities rallied together to identify the exact causes, seek solutions and try to stem the serious socio-economic crisis that ensued.