Perceptions of livestock integration in South African vineyards

Abstract

Context and purpose of the study. Conventional viticulture relies heavily on synthetic inputs (fertilizers, pesticides), as well as mechanization to manage pests, weeds, and diseases and maximize yields. While these methods increase productivity and profitability, it resulted in biodiversity loss, soil erosion, pollution, and health risks for the workers. Growing awareness of these challenges, along with consumer demand, has driven a shift toward more sustainable practices such as organic, biodynamic, and regenerative methods. Regenerative viticulture aims to enhance soil health and restore degraded soils through nature-based strategies. Livestock integration is a key practice within regenerative viticulture. To date there are no empirical studies on the integration of livestock in South African vineyards. This qualitative study explored the perceptions and motivations of producers who employ livestock integration in South African vineyards.

Materials and methods. A qualitative research approach was followed conducting interviews with five commercial producers in Stellenbosch who integrate livestock in their vineyards. A semi-structured interview guide was compiled comprising questions of viticultural- and soil characteristics, livestock choice, social impact, economic considerations and biodiversity and ecosystem health. Ethical approval was obtained from the Social, Behavioural, and Education Research Committee at Stellenbosch University (FESCAGRI-2024-29396) prior to the commencement of the study.

Results. The study found that integrating livestock into vineyards supports regenerative, nature-based viticultural strategies by enhancing soil health, microbial activity, biodiversity, and reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers, herbicides, and mechanical mowing. Participants observed increased soil carbon, organic matter, and earthworm abundance, with longer-term livestock integration yielding more pronounced benefits. Cost savings on fertilizers and herbicides, as well as marketing advantages, were significant, with consumers and workers responding positively to the presence of animals. Challenges included the need for year-round livestock management and additional grazing areas during dry seasons, but participants unanimously recommended livestock integration as a sustainable and effective practice for vineyard owners.