Vitivoltaics: overview of the impacts on grapevine performance, wine quality, design features and stakeholder perceptions

Abstract

This multidisciplinary study investigates “”Vitivoltaics,”” where photovoltaic (PV) panels are integrated into vineyard systems to generate renewable energy while providing partial shade to grapevines. With climate change pressures, such as rising temperatures and water scarcity, vineyards increasingly need strategies that support both sustainable grape production and decarbonisation. Vitivoltaics could meet this need by combining energy generation with agricultural resilience. In trials conducted at the University of Adelaide’s Waite Campus, alongside virtual and commercial vineyard simulations, researchers evaluated the impact of PV-induced shading on vine physiology, grape quality, wine chemistry, and consumer perceptions.

Experimental trials used mock PV panels to simulate shading and examined responses in grapevine growth, canopy structure, photosynthetic performance, and berry composition. Findings showed that vines adapt to partial shading by expanding leaf area and internode length, with modest reductions in CO2₂ assimilation but no loss in yield or quality. Shaded grapes exhibited slower but complete ripening, and berry acidity and nitrogen, beneficial for winemaking, were higher under PV panels, with consistent sugar and flavonoid levels across treatments. Sensory analyses confirmed that wines from shaded grapes matched the quality of those from unshaded vines, suggesting that partial shading does not impact sensory attributes when grapes are allowed to reach target maturity.

In addition to physiological effects, the study explored modular PV designs to optimise mechanical and electrical efficiency with minimal vineyard disruption. Feedback from stakeholders and consumers was positive, indicating a favourable view of integrating renewable energy into viticulture, which is especially beneficial in Australia’s challenging climate, where water resources are limited, and sustainability efforts are highly valued. These findings suggest that Vitivoltaics could be a viable, climate-adaptive solution for vineyards, supporting consistent grape production and wine quality while enhancing environmental sustainability.