Possible toxicological risk arising from contamination of grapes and derivatives by emerging mycotoxins: patulin
Abstract
Following the acquired awareness of the presence of ochratoxin A in grape derivatives, actions were undertaken to contain this contamination, and attempts were made to evaluate the presence of any other molecule belonging to this class. Some authors have therefore reported the presence of aflatoxins, patulin and fumonisins. Patulin is classified by the IARC in group 3, which includes substances that do not have sufficient evidence of a carcinogenic effect. However, this mycotoxin may represent a real risk to the health of the consumer, since it can cause simple disorders of the gastrointestinal tract but also kidney, liver, neurological problems and compromise the immune system. The aim of this presentation was to collect and critically evaluate the available knowledge on the presence of patulin in grapes and its derivatives. The evaluation of papers found in the literature indicates that grape and derivatives have only rarely been included among the foods/drinks in which the patulin mycotoxin has been quantified. From the few data at disposal, it can be stated that patulin occurs in grapes and derivatives coming from different geographical areas with extremely variable values ranging from <LOD to 13,880 μg/kg or L. The conclusions indicate that fresh grapes, juice and must require greater attention since these products are the most contaminated and consumed by individuals of all ages, including children. Wine seems to be less frequently contaminated by patulin, perhaps due to fermentation. This knowledge, however, should be confirmed by new studies, as patuline, while not classified as a carcinogen, can exert significant toxic effects in humans. Special attention must be paid to groups at risk, as in the case of children.
DOI:
Publication date: 22/09/2025
Issue: 46th World Congress of Vine and Wine
Type: Oral
Authors
1 Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
2 CRC “Innovation for well-being and environment”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
3 Faculty of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy