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IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 OIV 9 OIV 2024 9 Orals - Viticulture, table grapes, dried grapes and unfermented grape products 9 Viticulture between adaptation and resilience: the role of the Italian long-term observatories for vineyard energy, water and carbon budgets

Viticulture between adaptation and resilience: the role of the Italian long-term observatories for vineyard energy, water and carbon budgets

Abstract

Viticulture is exposed to a range of new stressors, that are challenging its sustainability and disrupting famous and well-established production regions. Steady increase of average temperature, recurring heat waves, altered rainfall seasonal distribution, drought spells, increased pathogens pressure, they all mix up with increased frequency, making every growing season a special challenge and calling for new approaches to cope with worrying scenarios. In the short- and mid-term, until the combined stresses will not exceed a bearable threshold, adaptation of vitivinicultural systems will be necessary, implementing various technical solutions, like advanced canopy management, modifications of training systems and – obviously – an increased use of irrigation. In the long run, however, only innovative approaches will be successful, possibly developing a truly resilient reaction.  In any case, a thorough knowledge of fundamental interactions between vineyards and their environment will be necessary, starting from a detailed description of energy and mass fluxes between soil, grapevines and the atmosphere and developing quantitative interpretative framework, useful to manage in a precise and efficient manner especially the canopy energy budget. In fact, this is the major determinant of plant organs temperature, with direct consequences on vine productivity and grape quality. Fortunately, technical progress today enable researchers to monitor continuously these processes, collecting crucial information on vineyard reactions to anomalous environmental conditions and, in general, to climate change.  In the presentation the activity of the two, long-term observatories deployed by the university of padua will be discussed. Both running sophisticated eddy covariance equipment, allowed a continuous monitoring of energy budget in two vineyards in northern italy, along with the assessment of actual evapotranspiration and net carbon dioxide fluxes. Established in 2014 and in 2015 and still running, they provide the longest time-series of these measurements available for vineyards, contributing to the advancement of a scientific and quantitative assessment of fundamental canopy processes, useful to tune up adaptation and possibly boost viticulture resilience, especially focusing on the net carbon budget (in relation to carbon farming) and water fluxes (in relation to irrigation requirements). For this important role, one of them is included in the european strategic research infrastructure icos (integrated carbon observation system, www.icos-cp.eu), the network devoted to the assessment of the greenhouse budget of the european community.

Viticultura tra adattamento e resilienza: il ruolo degli osservatori italiani permanenti per i bilanci di energia, acqua e carbonio dei vigneti

La viticoltura è esposta a una serie di nuovi fattori di stress, che ne mettono a rischio la sostenibilità e sconvolgono zone di produzione famose e consolidate. Il costante aumento della temperatura media, le ondate di caldo ricorrenti, l’alterata distribuzione stagionale delle precipitazioni, i periodi di siccità, l’aumento della pressione degli agenti patogeni, si mescolano con crescente frequenza, rendendo ogni stagione di crescita una sfida speciale e richiedendo nuovi approcci per far fronte a scenari preoccupanti. Nel breve e medio termine, finché gli stress combinati non supereranno una soglia sopportabile, sarà necessario un adeguamento dei sistemi vitivinicoli, implementando diverse soluzioni tecniche, come la gestione avanzata della chioma, modifiche dei sistemi di allevamento e – ovviamente – un maggiore utilizzo di irrigazione. Nel lungo termine, tuttavia, solo gli approcci innovativi avranno successo, sviluppando possibilmente una reazione davvero resiliente.  Sarà in ogni caso necessaria una conoscenza approfondita delle interazioni fondamentali tra il vigneto e il suo ambiente, partendo da una descrizione dettagliata dei flussi di energia e materia tra suolo, vite e atmosfera e sviluppando un quadro interpretativo quantitativo, utile per gestire in modo preciso ed efficiente modo particolare il bilancio energetico della chioma. Questo, infatti, è il principale determinante della temperatura degli organi vegetali, con conseguenze dirette sulla produttività della vite e sulla qualità delle uve. Fortunatamente, oggi il progresso tecnico consente ai ricercatori di monitorare costantemente questi processi, raccogliendo informazioni cruciali sulle reazioni dei vigneti a condizioni ambientali anomale e, in generale, ai cambiamenti climatici.  Nella presentazione verrà discussa l’attività dei due osservatori a lungo termine realizzati e gestiti dall’università di padova. Entrambi, utilizzando la tecnica dell’eddy covariance, hanno consentito un monitoraggio continuo del bilancio energetico in due vigneti nel nord italia, insieme alla valutazione dell’evapotraspirazione effettiva e dei flussi netti di anidride carbonica. Istituiti nel 2014 e nel 2015 e ancora attivi, forniscono la serie temporale più lunga di queste misurazioni disponibile per i vigneti, contribuendo al progresso di una conoscenza scientifica quantitativa dei processi fondamentali della vegetazione, utile per ottimizzare l’adattamento e possibilmente aumentare la resilienza della viticoltura, concentrandosi in particolare sul bilancio netto del carbonio (in relazione alla coltivazione del carbonio) e sui flussi idrici (in relazione alle necessità irrigue). Per questo importante ruolo, uno di essi è incluso nella european strategic research infrastructure icos (integrated carbon observation system, www.icos-cp.eu), la rete dedicata alla valutazione del bilancio dei gas ad effetto serra dell’unione europea.

La viticulture entre adaptation et résilience : le rôle des observatoires italiens à long terme des bilans énergétique, hydrique et carbone du vignobles

La viticulture est exposée à une série de nouveaux facteurs de stress, qui remettent en question sa durabilité et perturbent les régions de production célèbres et bien établies. Augmentation constante de la température moyenne, vagues de chaleur récurrentes, modification de la répartition saisonnière des précipitations, périodes de sécheresse, pression accrue des agents pathogènes, tout cela se mélange avec une fréquence accrue, faisant de chaque saison de croissance un défi particulier et appelant de nouvelles approches pour faire face à des scénarios inquiétants. A court et moyen terme, jusqu’à ce que les contraintes combinées ne dépassent pas un seuil supportable, une adaptation des systèmes vitivinicoles sera nécessaire, en mettant en œuvre diverses solutions techniques, comme une gestion avancée du couvert forestier, des modifications des systèmes de formation et – évidemment – une utilisation accrue de irrigation. Toutefois, à long terme, seules les approches innovantes seront couronnées de succès, et permettront éventuellement de développer une réaction véritablement résiliente.  Dans tous les cas, une connaissance approfondie des interactions fondamentales entre le vignoble et son environnement sera nécessaire, à partir d’une description détaillée des flux d’énergie et de masse entre le sol, la vigne et l’atmosphère et en développant un cadre interprétatif quantitatif, utile à gérer de manière précise et efficace. Manière notamment le bilan énergétique de la canopée. C’est en effet le déterminant majeur de la température des organes végétaux, avec des conséquences directes sur la productivité de la vigne et la qualité des raisins. Heureusement, les progrès techniques permettent aujourd’hui aux chercheurs de surveiller en permanence ces processus, en collectant des informations cruciales sur les réactions des vignobles aux conditions environnementales anormales et, en général, au changement climatique.  Dans la présentation, l’activité des deux observatoires à long terme déployés par l’université de padoue sera discutée. Tous deux équipés d’un équipement sophistiqué de covariance de foucault, ont permis une surveillance continue du budget énergétique dans deux vignobles du nord de l’italie, ainsi que l’évaluation de l’évapotranspiration réelle et des flux nets de dioxyde de carbone. Créés en 2014 et 2015 et toujours en activité, ils fournissent la plus longue série chronologique de ces mesures disponible pour les vignobles, contribuant ainsi à l’avancement d’une évaluation scientifique et quantitative des processus fondamentaux de la canopée, utiles pour affiner l’adaptation et éventuellement renforcer la résilience de la viticulture. En se concentrant particulièrement sur le budget carbone net (en relation avec l’agriculture carbonée) et les flux d’eau (en relation avec les besoins d’irrigation). Pour ce rôle important, l’un d’eux fait partie de l’infrastructure européenne de recherche stratégique icos (integrated carbon observation system, www.icos-cp.eu), le réseau consacré à l’évaluation du bilan de serre de la unione européenne.

Publication date: November 18, 2024

Issue: OIV 2024

Type: Article

Authors

Andrea Pitacco¹, Monica Canton², Franco Meggio¹, Nadia Vendrame³

¹ University of Padua – CIRVE – Via XXVIII Aprile 14, Conegliano, Italy
² University of Padua – DAFNAE – Viale dell’Università 16, Legnaro, Italy
³ University of Trento – C3A – Via Mach 1, San Michele all’Adige, Italy

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Tags

IVES Conference Series | OIV | OIV 2024

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