Terroir 2004 banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 A worldwide perspective on viticultural zoning

A worldwide perspective on viticultural zoning

Abstract

[English version below]

Cet article répertorie les intérêts et problèmes du zonage viticole dans une perspective mondiale. Le zonage est un besoin pour chacun des vignobles mondiaux où il correspond à des applications, définitions et approches variées. Les objectifs du zonage changent de concert avec les besoins du marché mondial du vin, qui ne cesse de croître. De plus en plus de régions et de pays viticoles sont impliqués dans les études de zonage, et bien qu’un grand nombre des travaux correspondants aient été initiés en Europe, les besoins en zonage vont bien au delà des pays dotés d’une longue histoire viticole. La délimitation des Appellations d’Origine Contrôlée ou des indications géographiques protégées est l’un des objectifs, parmi tous ceux du zonage, le plus patent, qui remonte à la fin du XIXe siècle en Europe, et concerne à présent les pays les plus récemment viticoles. D’autres objectifs importants, non nécessairement reliés aux opérations de délimitation, consistent en la segmentation d’un territoire viticole en portions homogènes susceptibles de coïncider avec la gestion des maladies, le remembrement, la restructuration du vignoble, la gestion de la qualité des vendanges, ou encore le choix de sites nouveaux pour l’implantation de vignobles.
Les unités homogènes obtenues à travers le zonage viticole sont fréquemment désignées sous le nom de « terroirs », néanmoins leurs échelon spatial, caractéristiques, matériels et méthodes d’obtention diffèrent notablement selon les auteurs et les régions viticoles, ce qui rend les comparaisons inaisées entre les zonages au niveau mondial. Le zonage viticole peut en réalité être dissocié en 2 principaux groupes : d’un côté, celui insistant sur la différenciation géographique des vins, des raisins ou de caractéristiques de la plante ; de l’autre, celui focalisé sur la différenciation géographique des aptitudes des terres ou des potentialités viticoles, pour lesquelles le sol et le climat sont le plus souvent invoqués en tant que variables clés, mais avec des significations variées et différents référentiels taxonomiques de sols.
Le zonage viticole n’est pas toujours synonyme de cartographie et d’analyse spatiale : cela est en train de changer à travers l’essor de la géomatique. Les méthodes de cartographie numérique et les techniques de télédétection renouvellent le zonage viticole à tous les échelons, de la parcelle à la région. Les approches de potentialités à l’échelon parcellaire ou local, y compris la viticulture de précision, sont pour la plupart dirigées vers le fonctionnement écophysiologique de la plante. A l’échelon global ou régional, qui recouvre des surfaces plus étendues, ces approches sont surtout focalisées vers la caractérisation des motifs d’organisation spatiale et se heurtent au problème de la mise en relation de ces motifs avec les sites échantillonnés à l’échelon de la parcelle. Les critères d’analyse spatiale, incluant le champ spatial, la résolution, l’échelle, le schéma d’échantillonnage, de même que les critères de durée, d’outils, de validation, de cépages et de modes de conduite, sont à même de permettre les comparaisons de zonages à l’échelon mondial. Quelques exemples sont donnés dans l’article.

This article reviews viticultural zoning concerns and issues in a worldwide perspective. In every vineyard in the world, zoning is needed and corresponds to varied applications, definitions and approachs. Zoning aims have been changing together with the needs of the ever-expanding international wine market. There are more and more wine-producing regions and countries involved in zoning studies, and although many of the corresponding works were initiated in Europe, zoning needs go far beyond the countries endowed with centuries-old viticultural history. Demarcating registered designations of origin or protected geographical indications is one of the most obvious of all zoning aims, which originates from the XIXth century in Europe, and now addresses most recent wine-growing countries. Other important zoning aims, not necessarily related to demarcating operations, consist in segmentating a vineyard territory into homogeneous units that are likely to be consistent with either pest management, reparcelation, vineyard restructuring operations, grape harvest quality management, or site selection for new vineyards.
The homogeneous units obtained through viticultural zoning are frequently referred to as “terroirs”; however their scale, characteristics, materials and methods may greatly vary depending on authors and vine-growing regions, making international zoning comparisons uneasy. Viticultural zoning can actually be separated into 2 main groups: on the one hand, that insisting on the geographical differentiation of wines, grapes, or plant characteristics; on the other hand, that focused on the geographical differentiation of land capabilities or vineyard suitabilities, for which soil and climate are mostly referred to as key variables, but with varied significations and the use of distinct soil classifications.
Viticultural zoning is not always synonymous with mapping and spatial analysis: this is changing through the enhanced use of geomatics. Digital mapping methods and remote sensing techniques are renewing viticultural zoning at all scales, from plot to region. Suitabilities approaches at the field scale or local level, including precision viticulture, are mostly directed towards the understanding of plant ecophysiological functioning. At the global or regional scale, encompassing wider areas, suitabilities approaches are oriented towards the characterization of land geographical patterns and face the problem of relating these patterns to sample sites described at the field scale. Spatial analysis criteria, including spatial extent, resolution, map scale, sampling design, all together with duration criteria, tools, validation, plant varieties and training systems are likely to enable zoning comparisons at the international level. Some examples are given in this paper.

DOI:

Publication date: January 12, 2022

Issue: Terroir 2004

Type: Article

Authors

Emmanuelle Vaudour

Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon, UMR INRA/INA P-G “Environnement et Grandes Cultures” – Equipe Sol-DMOS, Centre de Grignon BP 01, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France

Contact the author

Keywords

Terroir, viticultural zoning, worldwide perspective, scale

Tags

IVES Conference Series | Terroir 2004

Citation

Related articles…

Grapevine rootstock field evaluation under drought and saline condition in California

Climate change impacts grape production worldwide and in California drought and salinity became increasingly challenging for grape growers to maintain sustainable production and fruit quality.

An analytical framework to site-specifically study climate influence on grapevine involving the functional and Bayesian exploration of farm data time series synchronized using an eGDD thermal index

Climate influence on grapevine physiology is prevalent and this influence is only expected to increase with climate change. Although governed by a general determinism, climate influence on grapevine physiology may present variations according to the terroir. In addition, these site-specific differences are likely to be enhanced when climate influence is studied using farm data. Indeed, farm data integrate additional sources of variation such as a varying representativity of the conditions actually experienced in the field. Nevertheless, there is a real challenge in valuing farm data to enable grape growers to understand their own terroir and consequently adapt their practices to the local conditions. In such a context, this article proposes a framework to site-specifically study climate influence on grapevine physiology using farm data. It focuses on improving the analysis of time series of weather data. The analytical framework includes the synchronization of time series using site-specific thermal indices computed with an original method called Extended Growing Degree Days (eGDD). Synchronized time series are then analyzed using a Bayesian functional Linear regression with Sparse Steps functions (BLiSS) in order to detect site-specific periods of strong climate influence on yield development. The article focuses on temperature and rain influence on grape yield development as a case study. It uses data from three commercial vineyards respectively situated in the Bordeaux region (France), California (USA) and Israel. For all vineyards, common periods of climate influence on yield development were found. They corresponded to already known periods, for example around veraison of the year before harvest. However, the periods differed in their precise timing (e.g. before, around or after veraison), duration and correlation direction with yield. Other periods were found for only one or two vineyards and/or were not referred to in literature, for example during the winter before harvest.

The impact of global warming on Ontario’s icewine industry

Ontario’s wine regions lie at the climatic margins of commercial viticulture owing to their cold winters and short cool growing season. The gradual warming of northern latitudes projected under a human-induced climate change scenario could bring mixed benefits to these wine regions.

Report on the work carried out by the zoning group of the O.I.V.

La création officielle du groupe Experts Zonage Vitivinicole à l’O.I.V., qui s’inscrit dans la Commission Viticulture, est récente. Le Professeur Mario FREGONI en assure la présidence depuis 1998, assisté du vice-président et du secrétaire général Mario FALCETTI. Ils ont été confirmés dans leurs fonctions lors des sessions de mars 2001. Actuellement, le groupe d’experts Zonage Vitivinicole de l’O.I.V. se compose de 40 délégués, représentant 18 pays membres. La mise en place de ce groupe a tout d’abord été initiée par l’Instituto Agrario de San Michele (Italie) et l’Unité de Recherches Vigne et Vin du Centre INRA d’Angers (France). Une collaboration entre les chercheurs s’est installée très tôt, dès 1987.

Non-linear unmixing as an innovative tool to detect vine diseases in UAVs, airborned and satellite images: preliminary results

Vine diseases have a strong impact on vineyards sustainability, which in turns leads to strong economic consequences. Among those diseases, Flavescence dorée spreads quickly and is incurable, which led in France to the setup of a mandatory pest control implying the systematic use of pesticides and the prospection and uprooting of every infected plants. Remote sensing could be a very powerful tool to optimize prospection as it allows to produce quickly accurate maps over large areas. Recent studies have shown that high spatial resolution (10cm/pixel) multispectral images acquired from UAVs allow to map Flavescence dorée in vineyards using leaves discolorations [e.g. Albetis et al., Remote Sensing, 2017].