Terroir 2004 banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 Canopy photosynthetic activity and water relations of Syrah/R99 as affected by row orientation on a particular terroir

Canopy photosynthetic activity and water relations of Syrah/R99 as affected by row orientation on a particular terroir

Abstract

[English version below]

L’activité photosynthétique et les relations hydriques de plantes de Syrah sur R99 un mois après la véraison ont été étudiées dans un vignoble de la région de Stellenbosch. Le vignoble, planté à 2,75 entre rangs et 1,5 m sur le rang, sur un sol de type Glenrosa, était en pente et exposé a l’ouest: pour les rangs on avait adopté une orientation nord –sud. Les plantes, conduites selon un système de type en cordon de Royat, avaient donc un port ascendant de la végétation, palissée dans un plan vertical à l’aide de trois paires de fils. Une irrigation à micro-jets était appliquée dans la phase comprise entre la nouaison et la fermeture de la grappe et à la véraison. Le tronc était ébourgeonné et la végétation rognée à 1,4 m de hauteur. On a mesuré la photosynthèse et le potentiel hydrique de feuilles en position basale, médiane et apicale soit des bourgeons principaux, soit des entre-cœurs. On a considéré des entre-cœurs en position apicale, médiane et basale le long du bourgeon principal. Soit le matin, soit l’après-midi on a examiné le coté est et le coté ouest du rang.. On a comparé la photosynthèse et le potentiel hydrique de feuilles situées à l’extérieur ou à l’intérieur de la végétation: on a considéré séparément les feuilles apicales, médianes et basales des bourgeons principaux et les feuilles médianes des bourgeons anticipés, situés en position apicale, médiane et basale.
Le nombre de couches du feuillage augmente typiquement du sommet à la base de la végétation et la pénétration de la lumière baisse en proportion. Sur les bourgeons principaux l’activité photosynthétique de toutes les feuilles était plus élevée le matin que l’après midi, soit pour la face au soleil soit pour celle à l’ombre. La photosynthèse des feuilles exposées directement au soleil diminuait du sommet vers la zone basale. Sur le côté à l’ombre la photosynthèse des feuilles médianes était plus limitée en comparaison aux feuilles apicales et basales. L’activité photosynthétique de la plante entière était donc plus importante le matin que pendant l’après-midi. Le potentiel hydrique des feuilles exposées au soleil était beaucoup plus bas que celui des feuilles ombragées. Même si on s’attendait un potentiel hydrique inférieur pour le côté ensoleillé, les différences n’ont pas été en ligne avec les différences importantes trouvées pour l’activité photosynthétique. Le côté ensoleillé du rang avait un potentiel hydrique légèrement plus bas le matin que l’après midi. Les bourgeons secondaires de la zone basale sur le coté exposé au soleil avaient une activité phothosynthétique plus élevée le matin par rapport à l’après midi, tandis que pour les bourgeons secondaires en position apicale et médiane l’activité était à peu prés la même pendant toute la journée. Dans le cas des bourgeons secondaires l’activité photosynthétique des feuilles exposées par rapport aux feuilles ombragées et leur potentiel hydrique suivaient un comportement (matin contre après midi et côté soleil contre côté ombragé) analogues à celui des feuilles des bourgeons principaux.
Si l’on compare l’activité photosynthétique et le potentiel hydrique des feuilles externes et internes du couvert en position différente on trouve le même modèle de comportement pour les deux types de bourgeons que l’on avait observé pour le côté exposé ou non exposé du couvert. Pendant la matinée des grandes différences se produisaient entre les feuilles internes et externes de la végétation sur la face ensoleillée du rang, tandis que, si l’on prend ces mesures du côté ombragé, les valeurs de toutes les feuilles sont pareilles à celles des feuilles internes du côté ensoleillé.
Ces résultats fournissent des indications sur les performances photosynthétiques et sur les relations hydriques que l’on peut s’attendre, en rapport à un terroir particulier, si l’on choisit une orientation donnée des rangs.

The photosynthetic activity and water relations of a Syrah/R99 vineyard, situated in the Stellenbosch region, were investigated approximately one month after véraison. Vines were vertically trained, spur pruned, and spaced 2.75 x 1.5 m in North-South orientated rows on a terroir with Glenrosa soil and a West-facing slope. Microsprinkler-irrigation was applied at pea berry size and at véraison stages. The 1.4 m high canopies were suckered, shoot-positioned and topped and accommodated by means of three sets of double wires. Photosynthetic activity and water potential were measured on leaves in apical, middle and basal positions on both primary and secondary shoots. Lateral shoots in apical, middle and basal positions were measured. Both East and West sides of the canopy were measured in the morning and in the afternoon. In addition, photosynthesis and water potential of interior and exterior leaves on primary (apical, middle and basal leaves) and secondary (middle leaves in apical, middle and basal positions) shoots were compared.
The canopy typically increased in number of leaf layers from top to bottom. Light penetration decreased in tandem. On primary shoots, photosynthetic activity of leaves on sunny and shaded sides of the canopy was higher in the morning than in the afternoon. Photosynthesis of sun-exposed leaves decreased from the apical to basal position. On the shaded part of the canopy, photosynthesis of middle leaves was reduced compared to apical and basal leaves. The photosynthetic activity of the canopy was therefore higher in the morning than in the afternoon. Water potential of leaves on the sunny side of the canopy was also consistently lower than that of leaves on the shaded side. Although the sunny side is expected to display lower water potential, the differences were, however, not in line with the large differences found for photosynthetic activity. The sun-exposed side of the canopy had slightly lower water potential in the morning than in the afternoon.
Basally positioned secondary shoots on the sunny side of the canopy had higher photosynthetic activity in the morning than in the afternoon; that of secondary shoots in apical and middle positions was, however, similar in the morning than in the afternoon. Photosynthetic patterns of leaves on the sunny side of the canopy versus the shaded side of the canopy were similar to those on the primary shoot. Water potential patterns of leaves on secondary shoots (morning versus afternoon and sunny side versus shaded side) were similar to those of leaves on primary shoots.
Comparing the photosynthetic activity and water potential of exterior and interior leaves in different positions on either primary or secondary shoots, similar patterns than those found for sunny and shaded sides of the canopy occurred. In the morning, large differences between the exterior and interior leaves occurred when measured from the sunny side. However, when measured from the shaded side, values were similar to those of interior leaves measured from the sunny side and no marked differences between exterior and interior leaves were found.
The results are useful for application to terroirs forcing different row orientations. It provides an indication of the photosynthetic performance and water relations that can be expected with a particular row orientation.

Download the PDF

DOI:

Publication date: January 12, 2022

Issue: Terroir 2004

Type: Article

Authors

V. Novello (1) and J.J. Hunter (2)

(1) Dipartimento di Colture Arboree, University of Turin, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, I-10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
(2) ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, 7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa

Contact the author

;

Keywords

Terroir, row orientation, vegetative growth, reproductive growth, water relations, photosynthesis

Tags

IVES Conference Series | Terroir 2004

Citation

Related articles…

Pruned vine biomass exclusion from a clay loam vineyard soil – examining the impact on physical/chemical properties

The wine industry worldwide faces increasing challenges to achieve sustainable levels of carbon emission mitigation. This project seeks to establish the feasibility of harvesting winter pruned vineyard biomass (PVB) for potential use in carbon footprint reduction, through its use as a renewable biofuel for energy production. In order to make this recommendation, technical issues such as the potential environmental impact, chemical composition and fuel suitability, and logistical challenges of harvesting biomass needs to be understood to compare with the results from similar studies. Of particular interest is the role PVB plays as a carbon source in vineyard soils and what effect annual removal might have on soil carbon sequestration. A preliminary trial was established in the Waite Campus vineyard (University of Adelaide) to test current management strategies. Vines are grown in a Eutrophic, Red Dermosol clay loam soil with well managed midrow swards. A comparison was undertaken of mid-row treatments in two 0.25 Ha blocks (Shiraz and Semillon), including annual cultivation for seed bed preparation, the deliberate exclusion of PVB (25 years) and incorporation of PVB (13 years) at an average of 3.4 and 5.5 Mg/Ha-1 for Shiraz and Semillon respectively. In both 0-10cm and 10-30cm soil core sample depths, combined soil carbon % measures in the desired range of 1.80 to 3.50, were not significantly different between treatments or cultivars and yielded an estimated 42 Mg/ha-1 of sequestered soil carbon. Other key physical and chemical measures were likewise not significantly different between treatments. Preliminary results suggest that in a temperate zone vineyard, managed such as the one used in this study, there is no long term negative impact on soil carbon sequestration through removing PVB. This implies that growers could confidently harvest PVB for use in several end fates including as a bio fuel.

Read More

Impact of climate change on the viticultural climate of the Protected Designation of Origin “Jumilla” (SE Spain)

Protected Designation of Origin “Jumilla” (PDO Jumilla) is located in the Spanish provinces of Albacete and Murcia, in the South-eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula, where most of the models predict a severe impact of climate change in next decades. PDO Jumilla covers an area of 247,054 hectares, of which more than 22,000 hectares

Read More

Anthocyanin profile is differentially affected by high temperature, elevated CO2 and water deficit in Tempranillo (Vitis vinifera L.) clones

Anthocyanin potential of grape berries is an important quality factor in wine production. Anthocyanin concentration and profile differ among varieties but it also depends on the environmental conditions, which are expected to be greatly modified by climate change in the future. These modifications may significantly modify the biochemical composition of berries at harvest, and thus wine typicity. Among the diverse approaches proposed to reduce the potential negative effects that climate change may have on grape quality, genetic diversity among clones can represent a source of potential candidates to select better adapted plant material for future climatic conditions. The effects of individual and combined factors associated to climate change (increase of temperature, rise of air CO2 concentration and water deficit) on the anthocyanin profile of different clones of Tempranillo that differ in the length of their reproductive cycle were studied. The aim was to highlight those clones more adapted to maintain specific Tempranillo typicity in the future. Fruit-bearing cuttings were grown in controlled conditions under two temperatures (ambient temperature versus ambient temperature + 4ºC), two CO2 levels (400 ppm versus 700 ppm) and two water regimes (well-watered versus water deficit), both in combination or independently, in order to simulate future climate change scenarios. Elevated temperature increased anthocyanin acylation, whereas elevated CO2 and water deficit favoured the accumulation of malvidin derivatives, as well as the acylation and tri-hydroxylation level of anthocyanins. Although the changes in anthocyanin profile observed followed a common pattern among clones, such impact of environmental conditions was especially noticeable in one of the most widely distributed Tempranillo clones, the accession RJ43.

Read More

Better understand the soil wet bulb formation with subsurface or aerial drip irrigation in viticulture

The gradual change in rainfall patterns experienced in the south of France vineyards, especially around the Mediterranean sea, means that the vines are increasingly subject to summer drought. The winegrowers developped the use of irrigation techniques to ensure the maintenance of competitive yields in the production of wines under Protected Geographical Indication label. In practice, drip irrigation pipes can be installed above the ground or buried into the soil as well as at different distances from the vine row. The objective of this study was to examine the profiles of the wet bulbs of the soil obtained from two drip irrigation systems : aerial drip located under the vine row and subsurface drip placed in the middle of the inter-row. This experiment took place over two consecutive seasons (2020-2021) on a 3.4 ha Viognier plot in the Mediterranean region (PGI Oc, France) on sandy clay soil. The annual rainfalls were less than 400 mm. Soil water content probes were installed at different depths (20 – 40 – 60 – 80 cm) and at different lateralities from the vine row (30 – 60 – 90 – 120 cm) to control the formation of the soil wet bulb during irrigation. The mapping and the analysis of the data allowed a better understanding and differentiation of the water percolation when irrigating with subsurface or aerial drip. For the same amount of water and without differences of vine water status, it is shown that in a subsurface drip irrigation situation, the size of the wet bulb formed is larger than in aerial drip irrigation system.

Read More

Assessment of the impact of actions in the vineyard and its surrounding environment on biodiversity in Rioja Alavesa (Spain)

Traditional viticulture areas have experienced in the last decades an intensification of field practices, linked to an increased use of fertilisers and phytosanitary products, and to a more intensive mechanization and uniformization of the landscape. This change in management has sometimes led to higher rates of soil erosion andloss of soil structure, fertility decline, groundwater contamination, and to an increased pressure of pests and diseases. Additionally, intensification usually leads to a simplification of landscapes, of particular concern in prestigious wine grape regions where the economical revenue encourages the conversion of land use from natural habitats to high value wine grape production. To revert this trend, it is necessary that growers implement actions that promote biodiversity in their vineyards. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of the implementation of cover crops, vegetational corridors, dry stone walls and vineyard biodiversity hotspots estimated through the study of arthropods. The work has been carried out in four vineyards in Rioja Alavesa belonging to Ostatu winery, where these infrastructures were implemented in 2020. The presence and diversity of arthropods was studied by capturing them at different times in the season and at different distances from the infrastructure using pit-fall traps in the soil and yellow, white and blue chromatic traps at the canopy level. This is a preliminary study in which all adult insects were sorted to the taxonomic level of order and Coleoptera were classified to morphospecies. The results obtained show that there is a relationship between the basic characteristics of the vineyard and the arthropods captured, with a positive effect, although also dependent on the vineyard, of the presence of infrastructure.

Read More