Terroir 2004 banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 Canopy photosynthetic activity and water relations of Syrah/R99 as affected by row orientation on a particular terroir

Canopy photosynthetic activity and water relations of Syrah/R99 as affected by row orientation on a particular terroir

Abstract

[English version below]

L’activité photosynthétique et les relations hydriques de plantes de Syrah sur R99 un mois après la véraison ont été étudiées dans un vignoble de la région de Stellenbosch. Le vignoble, planté à 2,75 entre rangs et 1,5 m sur le rang, sur un sol de type Glenrosa, était en pente et exposé a l’ouest: pour les rangs on avait adopté une orientation nord –sud. Les plantes, conduites selon un système de type en cordon de Royat, avaient donc un port ascendant de la végétation, palissée dans un plan vertical à l’aide de trois paires de fils. Une irrigation à micro-jets était appliquée dans la phase comprise entre la nouaison et la fermeture de la grappe et à la véraison. Le tronc était ébourgeonné et la végétation rognée à 1,4 m de hauteur. On a mesuré la photosynthèse et le potentiel hydrique de feuilles en position basale, médiane et apicale soit des bourgeons principaux, soit des entre-cœurs. On a considéré des entre-cœurs en position apicale, médiane et basale le long du bourgeon principal. Soit le matin, soit l’après-midi on a examiné le coté est et le coté ouest du rang.. On a comparé la photosynthèse et le potentiel hydrique de feuilles situées à l’extérieur ou à l’intérieur de la végétation: on a considéré séparément les feuilles apicales, médianes et basales des bourgeons principaux et les feuilles médianes des bourgeons anticipés, situés en position apicale, médiane et basale.
Le nombre de couches du feuillage augmente typiquement du sommet à la base de la végétation et la pénétration de la lumière baisse en proportion. Sur les bourgeons principaux l’activité photosynthétique de toutes les feuilles était plus élevée le matin que l’après midi, soit pour la face au soleil soit pour celle à l’ombre. La photosynthèse des feuilles exposées directement au soleil diminuait du sommet vers la zone basale. Sur le côté à l’ombre la photosynthèse des feuilles médianes était plus limitée en comparaison aux feuilles apicales et basales. L’activité photosynthétique de la plante entière était donc plus importante le matin que pendant l’après-midi. Le potentiel hydrique des feuilles exposées au soleil était beaucoup plus bas que celui des feuilles ombragées. Même si on s’attendait un potentiel hydrique inférieur pour le côté ensoleillé, les différences n’ont pas été en ligne avec les différences importantes trouvées pour l’activité photosynthétique. Le côté ensoleillé du rang avait un potentiel hydrique légèrement plus bas le matin que l’après midi. Les bourgeons secondaires de la zone basale sur le coté exposé au soleil avaient une activité phothosynthétique plus élevée le matin par rapport à l’après midi, tandis que pour les bourgeons secondaires en position apicale et médiane l’activité était à peu prés la même pendant toute la journée. Dans le cas des bourgeons secondaires l’activité photosynthétique des feuilles exposées par rapport aux feuilles ombragées et leur potentiel hydrique suivaient un comportement (matin contre après midi et côté soleil contre côté ombragé) analogues à celui des feuilles des bourgeons principaux.
Si l’on compare l’activité photosynthétique et le potentiel hydrique des feuilles externes et internes du couvert en position différente on trouve le même modèle de comportement pour les deux types de bourgeons que l’on avait observé pour le côté exposé ou non exposé du couvert. Pendant la matinée des grandes différences se produisaient entre les feuilles internes et externes de la végétation sur la face ensoleillée du rang, tandis que, si l’on prend ces mesures du côté ombragé, les valeurs de toutes les feuilles sont pareilles à celles des feuilles internes du côté ensoleillé.
Ces résultats fournissent des indications sur les performances photosynthétiques et sur les relations hydriques que l’on peut s’attendre, en rapport à un terroir particulier, si l’on choisit une orientation donnée des rangs.

The photosynthetic activity and water relations of a Syrah/R99 vineyard, situated in the Stellenbosch region, were investigated approximately one month after véraison. Vines were vertically trained, spur pruned, and spaced 2.75 x 1.5 m in North-South orientated rows on a terroir with Glenrosa soil and a West-facing slope. Microsprinkler-irrigation was applied at pea berry size and at véraison stages. The 1.4 m high canopies were suckered, shoot-positioned and topped and accommodated by means of three sets of double wires. Photosynthetic activity and water potential were measured on leaves in apical, middle and basal positions on both primary and secondary shoots. Lateral shoots in apical, middle and basal positions were measured. Both East and West sides of the canopy were measured in the morning and in the afternoon. In addition, photosynthesis and water potential of interior and exterior leaves on primary (apical, middle and basal leaves) and secondary (middle leaves in apical, middle and basal positions) shoots were compared.
The canopy typically increased in number of leaf layers from top to bottom. Light penetration decreased in tandem. On primary shoots, photosynthetic activity of leaves on sunny and shaded sides of the canopy was higher in the morning than in the afternoon. Photosynthesis of sun-exposed leaves decreased from the apical to basal position. On the shaded part of the canopy, photosynthesis of middle leaves was reduced compared to apical and basal leaves. The photosynthetic activity of the canopy was therefore higher in the morning than in the afternoon. Water potential of leaves on the sunny side of the canopy was also consistently lower than that of leaves on the shaded side. Although the sunny side is expected to display lower water potential, the differences were, however, not in line with the large differences found for photosynthetic activity. The sun-exposed side of the canopy had slightly lower water potential in the morning than in the afternoon.
Basally positioned secondary shoots on the sunny side of the canopy had higher photosynthetic activity in the morning than in the afternoon; that of secondary shoots in apical and middle positions was, however, similar in the morning than in the afternoon. Photosynthetic patterns of leaves on the sunny side of the canopy versus the shaded side of the canopy were similar to those on the primary shoot. Water potential patterns of leaves on secondary shoots (morning versus afternoon and sunny side versus shaded side) were similar to those of leaves on primary shoots.

Comparing the photosynthetic activity and water potential of exterior and interior leaves in different positions on either primary or secondary shoots, similar patterns than those found for sunny and shaded sides of the canopy occurred. In the morning, large differences between the exterior and interior leaves occurred when measured from the sunny side. However, when measured from the shaded side, values were similar to those of interior leaves measured from the sunny side and no marked differences between exterior and interior leaves were found.
The results are useful for application to terroirs forcing different row orientations. It provides an indication of the photosynthetic performance and water relations that can be expected with a particular row orientation.

DOI:

Publication date: January 12, 2022

Issue: Terroir 2004

Type: Article

Authors

V. Novello (1) and J.J. Hunter (2)

(1) Dipartimento di Colture Arboree, University of Turin, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, I-10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
(2) ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, 7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa

Contact the author

Keywords

Terroir, row orientation, vegetative growth, reproductive growth, water relations, photosynthesis

Tags

IVES Conference Series | Terroir 2004

Citation

Related articles…

VINIoT: Precision viticulture service for SMEs based on IoT sensors network

The main innovation in the VINIoT service is the joint use of two technologies that are currently used separately: vineyard monitoring using multispectral imaging and deployed terrain sensors. One part of the system is based on the development of artificial intelligence algorithms that are feed on the images of the multispectral camera and IoT sensors, high-level information on water stress, grape ripening status and the presence of diseases. In order to obtain algorithms to determine the state of ripening of the grapes and avoid losing information due to the diversity of the grape berries, it was decided to work along the first year 2020 at berry scale in the laboratory, during the second year at the cluster scale and on the last year at plot scale. Different varieties of white and red grapes were used; in the case of Galicia we worked with the white grape variety Treixadura and the red variety Mencía. During the 2020 and 2021 campaigns, multispectral images were taken in the visible and infrared range of: 1) sets of 100 grapes classifying them by means of densimetric baths, 2) individual bunches. The images taken with the laboratory analysis of the ripening stage were correlated. Technological maturity, pH, probable degree, malic acid content, tartaric acid content and parameters for assessing phenolic maturity, IPT, anthocyanin content were determined. It has been calculated for each single image the mean value of each spectral band (only taking into account the pixels of interest) and a correlation study of these values with laboratory data has been carried out. These studies are still provisional and it will be necessary to continue with them, jointly with the training of the machine learning algorithms. Processed data will allow to determine the sensitivity of the multispectral images and select bands of interest in maturation.

Adapting the vineyard to climate change in warm climate regions with cultural practices

Since the 1980s global regime shift, grape growers have been steadily adapting to a changing climate. These adaptations have preserved the region-climate-cultivar rapports that have established the global trade of wine with lucrative economic benefits since the middle of 17th century. The advent of using fractions of crop and actual evapotranspiration replacement in vineyards with the use of supplemental irrigation has furthered the adaptation of wine grape cultivation. The shift in trellis systems, as well as pruning methods from positioned shoot systems to sprawling canopies, as well as adapting the bearing surface from head-trained, cane-pruned to cordon-trained, spur-pruned systems have also aided in the adaptation of grapevine to warmer temperatures. In warm climates, the use of shade cloth or over-head shade films not only have aided in arresting the damage of heat waves, but also identified opportunities to reduce the evapotranspiration from vineyards, reducing environmental footprint of vineyard. Our increase in knowledge on how best to understand the response of grapevine to climate change was aided with the identification of solar radiation exposure biomarker that is now used for phenotyping cultivars in their adaptability to harsh environments. Using fruit-based metrics such as sugar-flavonoid relationships were shown to be better indicators of losses in berry integrity associated with a warming climate, rather than solely focusing on region-climate-cultivar rapports. The resilience of wine grape was further enhanced by exploitation of rootstock × scion combinations that can resist untoward droughts and warm temperatures by making more resilient grapevine combinations. Our understanding of soil-plant-atmosphere continuum in the vineyard has increased within the last 50 years in such a manner that growers are able to use no-till systems with the aid of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi inoculation with permanent cover cropping making the vineyard more resilient to droughts and heat waves. In premium wine grape regions viticulture has successfully adapted to a rapidly changing climate thus far, but berry based metrics are raising a concern that we may be approaching a tipping point.

Mapping and tracking canopy size with VitiCanopy

Understanding vineyard variability to target management strategies, apply inputs efficiently and deliver consistent grape quality to the winery is essential. However, despite inherent vineyard variability, the majority are managed as if they are uniform. VitiCanopy is a simple, grower-friendly tool for precision/digital viticulture that allows users to collect and interpret objective spatial information about vineyard performance. After four years of field and market research, an upgraded VitiCanopy has been created to achieve a more streamlined, technology-assisted vine monitoring tool that provides users with a set of superior new features, which could significantly improve the way users monitor their grapevines. These new features include:
• New user interface
• User authentication
• Batch analysis of multiple images
• Ease the learning curve through enhanced help features
• Reporting via the creation of colour maps that will allow users to assess the spatial differences in canopies within a vineyard.
Use-case examples are presented to demonstrate the quantification and mapping of vineyard variability through objective canopy measurements, ground-truthing of remotely sensed measurements, monitoring of crop conditions, implementation of disease and water management decisions as well as creating a history of each site to forecast quality. This intelligent tool allows users to manage grapevines and make informed management choices to achieve the desired production targets and remain profitable.

Mobile device to induce heat-stress on grapevine berries

Studying heat stress response of grapevine berries in the field often relies on weather conditions during the growing season. We constructed a mobile heating device, able to induce controlled heat stress on grapes in vineyards. The heater consisted of six 150 W infrared lamps mounted in a profile frame. Heating power of the lamps could be controlled individually by a control unit consisting of a single board computer and six temperature sensors to reach a pre-set temperature. The heat energy applied to individual berries within a cluster decreases by the squared distance to the heat source, enabling the establishment of temperature profiles within individual clusters. These profiles can be measured by infrared thermography once a steady state has been reached. Radiant flux density received by a berry depending on the distance was calculated based on a view factor and measured lamp surface temperature and resulted to 665 Wm-2 at 7cm. Infrared thermography of the fruit surface was in good agreement with measurements conducted with a thermocouple inserted at epidermis level. In combination with infrared thermography, the presented device offers possibilities for a wide range of applications like phenotyping for heat tolerance in the field to proceed in the understanding of the complex response of plants to heat stress. Sunburn necrosis symptoms were artificially induced with the aid of the device for cv. Bacchus and cv. Sylvaner in the 2020 and 2021 growing season. Threshold temperatures for sunburn induction (LT5030min) were derived from temperature data of single berries and visual sunburn assessment, applying logistic regression. A comparison of threshold temperatures for the occurrence of sunburn necrosis confirmed the higher susceptibility of cv. Bacchus. The lower susceptibility of cv. Sylvaner did not seem to be related to its phenolic composition, rendering a thermoprotective role of berry phenolic compounds unlikely.

Diagnosis of soil quality and evaluation of the impact of viticultural practices on soil biodiversity in a vineyard in southwestern France

Viticulture is facing two major changes – climate change and agroecological transition. In both cases, soil quality is seen as a lever to move towards a more sustainable viticulture. However, soil biological quality is little considered in the implementation of viticultural practices. Gascogn’Innov (2017-2022) is an Operational Group funded by the European Innovation Partnership for Agriculture. As such, it brings together winegrowers from the south-west of France, scientists, advisors and technicians, around a project focused on viticultural soil biological functioning and the design of technical routes more respectful toward soil heritage. To achieve this, the project aims to acquire references on the impact of viticultural practices on soil biology from a dynamic way, and to test a methodology to integrate information provided by the soil bioindicators to manage farming systems. A set of indicators of soil biological quality are evaluated in the project: microorganisms (bacteria and fungi abundance and diversity), fauna (abundance and diversity of nematodes and earthworms), physico-chemical characteristics, soil structure assessment and degradation rate of organic matter. Based on a network of 13 plots that have been subject to an initial diagnosis in 2017, several agronomical practices to restore soil fertility are experimented to redesign the cropping system (for instance plant cover, organic matter inputs, reduction of herbicides, mineral fertilizers). System redesign was made in collaboration by winegrowers and an interdisciplinary group of experts (agronomists, biologists). Several indicators are measured on vine and soil at each vintage to assess vine health and productivity. At the end of the project (2021), a final diagnosis was carried out. Gascogn’Innov allowed to create a regional database on the quality of wine-growing soils, which permitted to evaluate the effect of practices according to soil types. Especially, decreasing the intensity of tillage and increasing the duration and diversity of grass coverage tends to increase the abundance of all the organisms studied. This project confirmed the value of soil biological quality indicators to drive the sustainability of practices, but also highlighted the key-role of expertise, in both agronomy and soil biology, to help winegrowers understand and appropriate their soil quality diagnoses.