Terroir 2004 banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 Canopy photosynthetic activity and water relations of Syrah/R99 as affected by row orientation on a particular terroir

Canopy photosynthetic activity and water relations of Syrah/R99 as affected by row orientation on a particular terroir

Abstract

[English version below]

L’activité photosynthétique et les relations hydriques de plantes de Syrah sur R99 un mois après la véraison ont été étudiées dans un vignoble de la région de Stellenbosch. Le vignoble, planté à 2,75 entre rangs et 1,5 m sur le rang, sur un sol de type Glenrosa, était en pente et exposé a l’ouest: pour les rangs on avait adopté une orientation nord –sud. Les plantes, conduites selon un système de type en cordon de Royat, avaient donc un port ascendant de la végétation, palissée dans un plan vertical à l’aide de trois paires de fils. Une irrigation à micro-jets était appliquée dans la phase comprise entre la nouaison et la fermeture de la grappe et à la véraison. Le tronc était ébourgeonné et la végétation rognée à 1,4 m de hauteur. On a mesuré la photosynthèse et le potentiel hydrique de feuilles en position basale, médiane et apicale soit des bourgeons principaux, soit des entre-cœurs. On a considéré des entre-cœurs en position apicale, médiane et basale le long du bourgeon principal. Soit le matin, soit l’après-midi on a examiné le coté est et le coté ouest du rang.. On a comparé la photosynthèse et le potentiel hydrique de feuilles situées à l’extérieur ou à l’intérieur de la végétation: on a considéré séparément les feuilles apicales, médianes et basales des bourgeons principaux et les feuilles médianes des bourgeons anticipés, situés en position apicale, médiane et basale.
Le nombre de couches du feuillage augmente typiquement du sommet à la base de la végétation et la pénétration de la lumière baisse en proportion. Sur les bourgeons principaux l’activité photosynthétique de toutes les feuilles était plus élevée le matin que l’après midi, soit pour la face au soleil soit pour celle à l’ombre. La photosynthèse des feuilles exposées directement au soleil diminuait du sommet vers la zone basale. Sur le côté à l’ombre la photosynthèse des feuilles médianes était plus limitée en comparaison aux feuilles apicales et basales. L’activité photosynthétique de la plante entière était donc plus importante le matin que pendant l’après-midi. Le potentiel hydrique des feuilles exposées au soleil était beaucoup plus bas que celui des feuilles ombragées. Même si on s’attendait un potentiel hydrique inférieur pour le côté ensoleillé, les différences n’ont pas été en ligne avec les différences importantes trouvées pour l’activité photosynthétique. Le côté ensoleillé du rang avait un potentiel hydrique légèrement plus bas le matin que l’après midi. Les bourgeons secondaires de la zone basale sur le coté exposé au soleil avaient une activité phothosynthétique plus élevée le matin par rapport à l’après midi, tandis que pour les bourgeons secondaires en position apicale et médiane l’activité était à peu prés la même pendant toute la journée. Dans le cas des bourgeons secondaires l’activité photosynthétique des feuilles exposées par rapport aux feuilles ombragées et leur potentiel hydrique suivaient un comportement (matin contre après midi et côté soleil contre côté ombragé) analogues à celui des feuilles des bourgeons principaux.
Si l’on compare l’activité photosynthétique et le potentiel hydrique des feuilles externes et internes du couvert en position différente on trouve le même modèle de comportement pour les deux types de bourgeons que l’on avait observé pour le côté exposé ou non exposé du couvert. Pendant la matinée des grandes différences se produisaient entre les feuilles internes et externes de la végétation sur la face ensoleillée du rang, tandis que, si l’on prend ces mesures du côté ombragé, les valeurs de toutes les feuilles sont pareilles à celles des feuilles internes du côté ensoleillé.
Ces résultats fournissent des indications sur les performances photosynthétiques et sur les relations hydriques que l’on peut s’attendre, en rapport à un terroir particulier, si l’on choisit une orientation donnée des rangs.

The photosynthetic activity and water relations of a Syrah/R99 vineyard, situated in the Stellenbosch region, were investigated approximately one month after véraison. Vines were vertically trained, spur pruned, and spaced 2.75 x 1.5 m in North-South orientated rows on a terroir with Glenrosa soil and a West-facing slope. Microsprinkler-irrigation was applied at pea berry size and at véraison stages. The 1.4 m high canopies were suckered, shoot-positioned and topped and accommodated by means of three sets of double wires. Photosynthetic activity and water potential were measured on leaves in apical, middle and basal positions on both primary and secondary shoots. Lateral shoots in apical, middle and basal positions were measured. Both East and West sides of the canopy were measured in the morning and in the afternoon. In addition, photosynthesis and water potential of interior and exterior leaves on primary (apical, middle and basal leaves) and secondary (middle leaves in apical, middle and basal positions) shoots were compared.
The canopy typically increased in number of leaf layers from top to bottom. Light penetration decreased in tandem. On primary shoots, photosynthetic activity of leaves on sunny and shaded sides of the canopy was higher in the morning than in the afternoon. Photosynthesis of sun-exposed leaves decreased from the apical to basal position. On the shaded part of the canopy, photosynthesis of middle leaves was reduced compared to apical and basal leaves. The photosynthetic activity of the canopy was therefore higher in the morning than in the afternoon. Water potential of leaves on the sunny side of the canopy was also consistently lower than that of leaves on the shaded side. Although the sunny side is expected to display lower water potential, the differences were, however, not in line with the large differences found for photosynthetic activity. The sun-exposed side of the canopy had slightly lower water potential in the morning than in the afternoon.
Basally positioned secondary shoots on the sunny side of the canopy had higher photosynthetic activity in the morning than in the afternoon; that of secondary shoots in apical and middle positions was, however, similar in the morning than in the afternoon. Photosynthetic patterns of leaves on the sunny side of the canopy versus the shaded side of the canopy were similar to those on the primary shoot. Water potential patterns of leaves on secondary shoots (morning versus afternoon and sunny side versus shaded side) were similar to those of leaves on primary shoots.

Comparing the photosynthetic activity and water potential of exterior and interior leaves in different positions on either primary or secondary shoots, similar patterns than those found for sunny and shaded sides of the canopy occurred. In the morning, large differences between the exterior and interior leaves occurred when measured from the sunny side. However, when measured from the shaded side, values were similar to those of interior leaves measured from the sunny side and no marked differences between exterior and interior leaves were found.
The results are useful for application to terroirs forcing different row orientations. It provides an indication of the photosynthetic performance and water relations that can be expected with a particular row orientation.

DOI:

Publication date: January 12, 2022

Issue: Terroir 2004

Type: Article

Authors

V. Novello (1) and J.J. Hunter (2)

(1) Dipartimento di Colture Arboree, University of Turin, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, I-10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
(2) ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, 7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa

Contact the author

Keywords

Terroir, row orientation, vegetative growth, reproductive growth, water relations, photosynthesis

Tags

IVES Conference Series | Terroir 2004

Citation

Related articles…

Mapping and tracking canopy size with VitiCanopy

Understanding vineyard variability to target management strategies, apply inputs efficiently and deliver consistent grape quality to the winery is essential. However, despite inherent vineyard variability, the majority are managed as if they are uniform. VitiCanopy is a simple, grower-friendly tool for precision/digital viticulture that allows users to collect and interpret objective spatial information about vineyard performance. After four years of field and market research, an upgraded VitiCanopy has been created to achieve a more streamlined, technology-assisted vine monitoring tool that provides users with a set of superior new features, which could significantly improve the way users monitor their grapevines. These new features include:
• New user interface
• User authentication
• Batch analysis of multiple images
• Ease the learning curve through enhanced help features
• Reporting via the creation of colour maps that will allow users to assess the spatial differences in canopies within a vineyard.
Use-case examples are presented to demonstrate the quantification and mapping of vineyard variability through objective canopy measurements, ground-truthing of remotely sensed measurements, monitoring of crop conditions, implementation of disease and water management decisions as well as creating a history of each site to forecast quality. This intelligent tool allows users to manage grapevines and make informed management choices to achieve the desired production targets and remain profitable.

The impact of leaf canopy management on eco-physiology, wood chemical properties and microbial communities in root, trunk and cordon of Riesling grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.)

In the last decades, climate change required already adaptation of vineyard management. Increase in temperature and unexpected weather events cause changes in all phenological stages requiring new management tools. For example, defoliation can be a useful tool to reduce the sugar content in the berries creating differences in the wine profiles. In a ten-year field experiment using Riesling (Vitis vinifera L, planted 1986, Geisenheim, Germany), various mechanical defoliation strategies and different intensities were trialed until 2016 before the vineyard was uprooted. Wood was sampled from the plant compartments root, trunk, cordon and shoot for analyses of physicochemical properties (e.g. lignin and element content, pH, diameter), nonstructural carbohydrates and the microbial communities. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of reduced canopy leaf area on the sink-source allocation into different compartments and potential changes of the fungal and prokaryotic wood-inhabiting community using a metabarcoding approach. Severe summer pruning (SSP) of the canopy and mechanical defoliation (MDC) above the bunch zone decreased the leaf area by 50% compared to control (C). SSP reduced the photosynthetic capacity, which resulted in an altered source-sink allocation and carbohydrate storage. With lower leaf area, less carbohydrates are allocated. This for example resulted in a decreased trunk diameter. Further, it affected the composition of the grapevine wood microbiota. SSP and MDC management changed significantly the prokaryotic community composition in wood of the root samples, but had no effect in other compartments. In general, this study found strong compartment and less management effects of the microbial community composition and associated physicochemical properties. The highest microbial diversities were identified in the wood of the trunk, and several species were recorded the first time in grapevine.

Elevational range shifts of mountain vineyards: Recent dynamics in response to a warming climate

Increasing temperatures worldwide are expected to cause a change in spatial distribution of plant species along elevational gradients and there are already observable shifts to higher elevations as a consequence of climate change for many species. Not only naturally growing plants, but also agricultural cultivations are subject to the effects of climate change, as the type of cultivation and the economic viability depends largely on the prevailing climatic conditions. A shift to higher elevations therefore represents a viable adaptation strategy to climate change, as higher elevations are characterized by lower temperatures. This is especially important in the case of viticulture because a certain wine-style can only be achieved under very specific climatic conditions. Although there are several studies investigating climatic suitability within winegrowing regions or longitudinal shifts of winegrowing areas, little is known about how fast vineyards move to higher elevations, which may represent a viable strategy for winegrowers to maintain growing conditions and thus wine-style, despite the effects of climate change. We therefore investigated the change in the spatial distribution of vineyards along an elevational gradient over the past 20 years in the mountainous wine-growing region of Alto Adige (Italy). A dataset containing information about location and planting year of more than 26000 vineyard parcels and 30 varieties was used to perform this analysis. Preliminary results suggest that there has been a shift to higher elevations for vineyards in general (from formerly 700m to currently 850 m a.s.l., with extreme sites reaching 1200 m a.s.l.), but also that this development has not been uniform across different varieties and products (i.e. vitis vinifera vs hybrid varieties and still vssparkling wines). This is important for climate change adaptation as well as for rural development. Mountain areas, especially at mid to high elevations, are often characterized by severe land abandonment which can be avoided to some degree if economically viable and sustainable land management strategies are available.

Assessing the relationship between cordon strangulation, dieback, and fungal trunk disease symptom expression

Grapevine trunk diseases including Eutypa dieback are a major factor in the decline of vineyards and may lead to loss of productivity, reduced income, and premature reworking or replanting. Several studies have yielded results indicating that vines may be more likely to express symptoms of vascular disease if their health is already compromised by stress. In Australia and many other wine-growing regions it is a common practice for canes to be wrapped tightly around the cordon wire during the establishment of permanent cordon arms. It is likely that this practice may have a negative effect on health and longevity, as older cordons that have been trained in this manner often display signs of decay and dieback, with the wire often visibly embedded within the wood of the cordon. It is possible that adopting a training method which avoids constriction of the vasculature of the cordon may help to limit the onset of vascular disease symptom expression. A survey was conducted during the spring of two consecutive growing seasons on vineyards in South Australia displaying symptoms of Eutypa lata infection when symptomless shoots were 50–100 cm long. Vines were assessed as follows: (i) the proportion of cordon exhibiting dieback was rated using a 0–100% scale; (ii) the proportion of canopy exhibiting foliar symptoms of Eutypa dieback was rated using a 0–100% scale; (iii) the severity of strangulation was rated using a 0–4 point scale. Images were also taken of each vine for the purpose of measuring plant area index (PAI) using the VitiCanopy App. The goal of the survey was to determine if and to what extent any correlation exists between severity of strangulation and cordon dieback, in addition to Eutypa dieback foliar symptom expression.

Long-term drought resilience of traditional red grapevine varieties from a semi-arid region

In recent decades, the scarcity of water resources in agriculture in certain areas has been aggravated by climate change, which has caused an increase in temperatures, changes in rainfall patterns, as well as an increase in the frequency of extreme phenomena such as droughts and heat waves. Although the vine is considered a drought-tolerant specie, it has to satisfy important water requirements to complete its cycle, which coincides with the hottest and driest months. Achieving sustainable viticulture in this scenario requires high levels of efficiency in the use of water, a scarce resource whose use is expected to be severely restricted in the near future. In this regard, the use of drought-tolerant varieties that are able to maintain grape yield and quality could be an effective strategy to face this change. During three consecutive seasons (2018-2020) the behavior in rainfed regime of 13 traditional red grapevine varieties of the Spain central region was studied. These varieties were cultivated in a collection at Centro de Investigación de la Vid y el Vino de Castilla-La Mancha (IVICAM-IRIAF) located in Tomelloso (Castilla-La Mancha, Spain). Yield components (yield, mean bunch and berry weight, pruning weight), physicochemical parameters of the musts (brix degree, total acidity, pH) and some physiological parameters related with water stress during ripening period (δ13C, δ18O) were analysed. The application of different statistical techniques to the results showed the existence of significant differences between varieties in their response to stressful conditions. A few varieties highlighted for their high ability to adapt to drought, being able to maintain high yields due to their efficiency in the use of water. In addition, it was possible quantify to what extent climate can be a determinant in the δ18O of musts under severe water stress conditions.