Terroir 2004 banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 Canopy photosynthetic activity and water relations of Syrah/R99 as affected by row orientation on a particular terroir

Canopy photosynthetic activity and water relations of Syrah/R99 as affected by row orientation on a particular terroir

Abstract

[English version below]

L’activité photosynthétique et les relations hydriques de plantes de Syrah sur R99 un mois après la véraison ont été étudiées dans un vignoble de la région de Stellenbosch. Le vignoble, planté à 2,75 entre rangs et 1,5 m sur le rang, sur un sol de type Glenrosa, était en pente et exposé a l’ouest: pour les rangs on avait adopté une orientation nord –sud. Les plantes, conduites selon un système de type en cordon de Royat, avaient donc un port ascendant de la végétation, palissée dans un plan vertical à l’aide de trois paires de fils. Une irrigation à micro-jets était appliquée dans la phase comprise entre la nouaison et la fermeture de la grappe et à la véraison. Le tronc était ébourgeonné et la végétation rognée à 1,4 m de hauteur. On a mesuré la photosynthèse et le potentiel hydrique de feuilles en position basale, médiane et apicale soit des bourgeons principaux, soit des entre-cœurs. On a considéré des entre-cœurs en position apicale, médiane et basale le long du bourgeon principal. Soit le matin, soit l’après-midi on a examiné le coté est et le coté ouest du rang.. On a comparé la photosynthèse et le potentiel hydrique de feuilles situées à l’extérieur ou à l’intérieur de la végétation: on a considéré séparément les feuilles apicales, médianes et basales des bourgeons principaux et les feuilles médianes des bourgeons anticipés, situés en position apicale, médiane et basale.
Le nombre de couches du feuillage augmente typiquement du sommet à la base de la végétation et la pénétration de la lumière baisse en proportion. Sur les bourgeons principaux l’activité photosynthétique de toutes les feuilles était plus élevée le matin que l’après midi, soit pour la face au soleil soit pour celle à l’ombre. La photosynthèse des feuilles exposées directement au soleil diminuait du sommet vers la zone basale. Sur le côté à l’ombre la photosynthèse des feuilles médianes était plus limitée en comparaison aux feuilles apicales et basales. L’activité photosynthétique de la plante entière était donc plus importante le matin que pendant l’après-midi. Le potentiel hydrique des feuilles exposées au soleil était beaucoup plus bas que celui des feuilles ombragées. Même si on s’attendait un potentiel hydrique inférieur pour le côté ensoleillé, les différences n’ont pas été en ligne avec les différences importantes trouvées pour l’activité photosynthétique. Le côté ensoleillé du rang avait un potentiel hydrique légèrement plus bas le matin que l’après midi. Les bourgeons secondaires de la zone basale sur le coté exposé au soleil avaient une activité phothosynthétique plus élevée le matin par rapport à l’après midi, tandis que pour les bourgeons secondaires en position apicale et médiane l’activité était à peu prés la même pendant toute la journée. Dans le cas des bourgeons secondaires l’activité photosynthétique des feuilles exposées par rapport aux feuilles ombragées et leur potentiel hydrique suivaient un comportement (matin contre après midi et côté soleil contre côté ombragé) analogues à celui des feuilles des bourgeons principaux.
Si l’on compare l’activité photosynthétique et le potentiel hydrique des feuilles externes et internes du couvert en position différente on trouve le même modèle de comportement pour les deux types de bourgeons que l’on avait observé pour le côté exposé ou non exposé du couvert. Pendant la matinée des grandes différences se produisaient entre les feuilles internes et externes de la végétation sur la face ensoleillée du rang, tandis que, si l’on prend ces mesures du côté ombragé, les valeurs de toutes les feuilles sont pareilles à celles des feuilles internes du côté ensoleillé.
Ces résultats fournissent des indications sur les performances photosynthétiques et sur les relations hydriques que l’on peut s’attendre, en rapport à un terroir particulier, si l’on choisit une orientation donnée des rangs.

The photosynthetic activity and water relations of a Syrah/R99 vineyard, situated in the Stellenbosch region, were investigated approximately one month after véraison. Vines were vertically trained, spur pruned, and spaced 2.75 x 1.5 m in North-South orientated rows on a terroir with Glenrosa soil and a West-facing slope. Microsprinkler-irrigation was applied at pea berry size and at véraison stages. The 1.4 m high canopies were suckered, shoot-positioned and topped and accommodated by means of three sets of double wires. Photosynthetic activity and water potential were measured on leaves in apical, middle and basal positions on both primary and secondary shoots. Lateral shoots in apical, middle and basal positions were measured. Both East and West sides of the canopy were measured in the morning and in the afternoon. In addition, photosynthesis and water potential of interior and exterior leaves on primary (apical, middle and basal leaves) and secondary (middle leaves in apical, middle and basal positions) shoots were compared.
The canopy typically increased in number of leaf layers from top to bottom. Light penetration decreased in tandem. On primary shoots, photosynthetic activity of leaves on sunny and shaded sides of the canopy was higher in the morning than in the afternoon. Photosynthesis of sun-exposed leaves decreased from the apical to basal position. On the shaded part of the canopy, photosynthesis of middle leaves was reduced compared to apical and basal leaves. The photosynthetic activity of the canopy was therefore higher in the morning than in the afternoon. Water potential of leaves on the sunny side of the canopy was also consistently lower than that of leaves on the shaded side. Although the sunny side is expected to display lower water potential, the differences were, however, not in line with the large differences found for photosynthetic activity. The sun-exposed side of the canopy had slightly lower water potential in the morning than in the afternoon.
Basally positioned secondary shoots on the sunny side of the canopy had higher photosynthetic activity in the morning than in the afternoon; that of secondary shoots in apical and middle positions was, however, similar in the morning than in the afternoon. Photosynthetic patterns of leaves on the sunny side of the canopy versus the shaded side of the canopy were similar to those on the primary shoot. Water potential patterns of leaves on secondary shoots (morning versus afternoon and sunny side versus shaded side) were similar to those of leaves on primary shoots.

Comparing the photosynthetic activity and water potential of exterior and interior leaves in different positions on either primary or secondary shoots, similar patterns than those found for sunny and shaded sides of the canopy occurred. In the morning, large differences between the exterior and interior leaves occurred when measured from the sunny side. However, when measured from the shaded side, values were similar to those of interior leaves measured from the sunny side and no marked differences between exterior and interior leaves were found.
The results are useful for application to terroirs forcing different row orientations. It provides an indication of the photosynthetic performance and water relations that can be expected with a particular row orientation.

DOI:

Publication date: January 12, 2022

Issue: Terroir 2004

Type: Article

Authors

V. Novello (1) and J.J. Hunter (2)

(1) Dipartimento di Colture Arboree, University of Turin, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, I-10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
(2) ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, 7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa

Contact the author

Keywords

Terroir, row orientation, vegetative growth, reproductive growth, water relations, photosynthesis

Tags

IVES Conference Series | Terroir 2004

Citation

Related articles…

Impact of climate variability and change on grape yield in Italy

Viticulture is entangled with weather and climate. Therefore, areas currently suitable for grape production can be challenged by climate change. Winegrowers in Italy already experiences the effect of climate change, especially in the form of warmer growing season, more frequent drought periods, and increased frequency of weather extremes.
The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of climate variability and change on grape yield in Italy to provide winegrowers the information needed to make their business more sustainable and resilient to climate change. We computed a specific range of bioclimatic indices, selected by the International Organisation of Vine and Wine (OIV), and correlated them to grape yield data. We have worked in collaboration with some wine consortiums in northern and central Italy, which provided grape yield data for our analysis.
Using climate variables from the E-OBS dataset we investigate how the bioclimatic indices changed in the past, and the impact of this change on grape productivity in the study areas. The climate impact on productivity is also investigated by using high-resolution convection-permitting models (CPMs – 2.2 horizontal resolution), with the purpose of estimating productivity in future emission scenarios. The CPMs are likely the best available option for this kind of impact studies since they allow a better representation of small-scale processes and features, explicitly resolve deep convection, and show an improved representation of extremes. In our study, we also compare CPMs with regional climate models (RCMs – 12 km horizontal resolution) to assess the added value of high-resolution models for impact studies. Further development of our study will lead to assessing the future suitability for vine cultivation and could lead to the construction of a statistical model for future projection of grape yield.

The rootstock, the neglected player in the scion transpiration even during the night

Water is the main limiting factor for yield in viticulture. Improving drought adaptation in viticulture will be an increasingly important issue under climate change. Genetic variability of water deficit responses in grapevine partly results from the rootstocks, making them an attractive and relevant mean to achieve adaptation without changing the scion genotype. The objective of this work was to characterize the rootstock effect on the diurnal regulation of scion transpiration. A large panel of 55 commercial genotypes were grafted onto Cabernet Sauvignon. Three biological repetitions per genotype were analyzed. Potted plants were phenotyped on a greenhouse balance platform capable of assessing real-time water use and maintaining a targeted water deficit intensity. After a 10 days well-watered baseline period, an increasing water deficit was applied for 10 days, followed by a stable water deficit stress for 7 days. Pruning weight, root and aerial dry weight and transpiration were recorded and the experiment was repeated during two years. Transpiration efficiency (ratio between aerial biomass and transpiration) was calculated and δ13C was measured in leaves for the baseline and stable water deficit periods. A large genetic variability was observed within the panel. The rootstock had a significant impact on nocturnal transpiration which was also strongly and positively correlated with maximum daytime transpiration. The correlations with growth and water use efficiency related traits will be discussed. Transpiration data were also related with VPD and soil water content demonstrating the influence of environmental conditions on transpiration. These results highlighted the role of the rootstock in modulating water deficit responses and give insights for rootstock breeding programs aimed at identifying drought tolerant rootstocks. It was also helpful to better define the mechanisms on which the drought tolerance in grapevine rootstocks is based on.

Geospatial trends of bioclimatic indexes in the topographically complex region of Barolo DOCG

Barolo DOCG is an economically important wine producing region in Northwest Italy. It is a small region of approximately 70 km2 gross area. The topography is very complex with steep sloped hills ranging in elevation from below 200 m to 550 m. Barolo DOCG wine is made exclusively from the Nebbiolo grape. Bioclimatic indexes are often used in viticulture to gain a better understanding of broader climate trends which can be compared temporally and geographically. These indexes are also used for identifying potential phenological timing, growing region suitability, and potential risks associated with expected climatic changes. Understanding how topography influences bioclimatic indexes can help with understanding of mesoscale climate behaviour leading to improved decision making and risk management strategies. The average monthly maximum and minimum temperatures, the Cool Night Index, the Huglin Index, and the monthly diurnal range (from July to October) were calculated using data from 45 weather stations within a 40 km radius of the Barolo DOCG growing area between the years 1996 and 2019. Linear and multiple regression models were developed using independent variables (elevation, aspect, slope) extracted from a digital elevation model to identify significant relationships. Bioclimatic indexes were then kriged with external drift using independent variables that showed significant relationships with the bioclimatic index using a 100 m resolution grid. The maximum monthly temperatures and the Huglin Index showed consistent significant negative relationships with elevation in all years. The minimum monthly temperatures showed no relationship with elevation but in some months a small but significant relationship was observed with aspect. Due to the lack of a relationship between minimum monthly temperatures and elevation compared to the significant relationship between maximum monthly temperatures and elevation, monthly diurnal range had a negative relationship with elevation.

Teasing apart terroir: the influence of management style on native yeast communities within Oregon wineries and vineyards

Newer sequencing technologies have allowed for the addition of microbes to the story of terroir. The same environmental factors that influence the phenotypic expression of a crop also shape the composition of the microbial communities found on that crop. For fermented goods, such as wine, that microbial community ultimately influences the organoleptic properties of the final product that is delivered to customers. Recent studies have begun to study the biogeography of wine-associated microbes within different growing regions, finding that communities are distinct across landscapes. Despite this new knowledge, there are still many questions about what factors drive these differences. Our goal was to quantify differences in yeast communities due to management style between seven pairs of conventional and biodynamic vineyards (14 in total) throughout Oregon, USA. We wanted to answer the following questions: 1) are yeast communities distinct between biodynamic vineyards and conventional vineyards? 2) are these differences consistent across a large geographic region? 3) can differences in yeast communities be tied to differences in metabolite profiles of the bottled wine? To collect our data we took soil, bark, leaf, and grape samples from within each vineyard from five different vines of pinot noir. We also collected must and a 10º brix sample from each winery. Using these samples, we performed 18S amplicon sequencing to identify the yeast present. We then used metabolomics to characterize the organoleptic compounds present in the bottled wine from the blocks the year that we sampled. We are actively in the process of analysing our data from this study.

A multidisciplinary approach to evaluate the effects of the training system on the performance of “Aglianico del Vulture” vineyards

Vineyards are complex agro-ecosystems with high spatial and temporal variability. An efficient training system may counteract the adverse effects of this variability. Moreover, considering the climate change issues, choosing an efficient training system that enhances water use and protects the vines from radiative thermal stress has become a priority for the farmers. A multidisciplinary approach that assesses the soil-crop-yield-wine relationships of vineyards in a distributed and holistic way could bring added knowledge on the behavior of the different training systems. This ongoing research aimed to implement a multidisciplinary approach to study the behavior of “Aglianico del Vulture” grapevines trained with two different systems: a spurred cordon (SC) and an “Alberello in parete” (AL), grown in a high-quality wine production area of Basilicata region (Italy). The approach merged several methods and scales of soil, ecophysiology, must/wine quality, and spectral data collection to assess the influence of the training system. Homogeneous zones (HZs) in both training systems were defined through a procedure based on geomorphological classification, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) images analysis, and a traditional soil survey supported by geophysical scanning. During the 2021 season, TDR probes monitored soil water content, while grapevine health status was assessed using eco-physiological measurements (LWP, chlorophyll content, PSII photosynthetic efficiency, LAI, and point-based field spectroscopy). These grapevine in-vivo measurements validated the spectral vegetation indexes (NDVI, RENDVI, CVI, and TVI) derived from the UAV multispectral imagery, which monitored the grapevine status in a distributed and non-invasive way. Grape yield, quality of berries, must and wine were measured to assess the effects of the training systems. The first experimental year results showed the variability of the vineyards and revealed relationships among soil parameters, crop characteristics, and vegetation indices of the SC and AL training systems. This multidisciplinary study could bring new insights into the vineyard training system’s effects on grape yield and wine quality.