Terroir 1996 banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 Methodology for soil study and zoning

Methodology for soil study and zoning

Abstract

La caractérisation des sols en vue d’une étude de terroirs viticoles peut être réalisée à différents niveaux de complexité, suivant le nombre de variables pris en compte et suivant le fait que celles-ci sont spatialisées ou non. La cartographie des sols est une approche très complète, notamment lorsqu’elle s’appuie sur des cartes géologiques et géomorphologiques réalisées au préalable. Néanmoins, même si elle est très détaillée, la caractérisation des sols reste par définition descriptive. Pour expliquer le lien entre le terroir, la qualité des vins et leur typicité, il faut prendre en compte les interactions qui existent entre la vigne et son environnement (sol et climat): c’est le domaine de l’écophysiologie. Les études écophysiologiques sont pluridisciplinaires et ont le défaut d’être lourdes à mettre en œuvre. Plusieurs équipes ont proposé des méthodologies pour alléger les études de sol. Lorsqu’on doit réaliser une étude sur une grande surface, on peut réaliser au préalable une cartographie à grande échelle sur un secteur de référence pour établir des lois de distribution des sols. Etant donné l’importance de la profondeur du sol sur le fonctionnement de la vigne, un modèle roche-altération-altérite a été proposé. La télédétection peut alléger le travail à réaliser sur le terrain et permettre de cartographier des pédo-paysages. Des indicateurs physiologiques peuvent renseigner sur l’état nutritionnel de la vigne (eau et éléments minéraux), en relation avec l’offre du sol. Ces indicateurs permettent de générer différentes couches d’information sur le fonctionnement de la vigne, qui peuvent être complétées par de l’information concernant le sol et la qualité des raisins et valorisées à travers le concept de la viticulture de précision. Ceci aboutira à terme à de véritables études écophysiologiques spatialisées.

Soil is an important factor of “terroir”. Soil studies can be more or less complex depending on the number of variables taken into account and depending on whether they are spatialized or not. Soil mapping, carried out after preliminary geological and geomorphological studies, is an interesting approach. Nevertheless, the interactions between the soil, the climate and the vine have to be taken into account by means of an ecophysiological approach to explain how “terroir” acts on vine behaviour, wine quality and wine style. Because “terroir” studies are very time consuming and therefore expensive, several lightened methodologies have been developed. When the soils of a large area have to be mapped at a small scale, a small representative reference sector can be mapped previously at a large scale. The reference sector will provide soil distribution laws that can be applied to the large area. To simplify the soil mapping, soils can be grouped depending on their depth, which is a determining factor in water and nutrient supply to the vines. Remote sensing can help to reduce soil sampling density. Physiological indicators can be used to assess vine water and nitrogen supply, in relation to the soil type. Several layers of information about the soil, the vine development and berry constitution can be related in a Geographical Information System (G.I.S.). Precision viticulture is the application of this technique to asses variability inside a plot of vines. Although it is still a relatively new approach, it is a powerful tool that can provide a spatialized ecophysiological approach of “terroir”.

DOI:

Publication date: February 15, 2022

Issue: Terroir 2002

Type: Article

Authors

C. VAN LEEUWEN (1, 2), Ph. CHERY(1), J.-Ph. ROBY (1), D. PERNET (1), J.-P. GOUTOULY (3) and J.-P. GAUDILLERE (3)

(1) ENITA de Bordeaux, 1 Crs du Général de Gaulle, BP 201, 33175 Gradignan-Cedex, France
(2) Faculté d’Œnologie, 351 Crs de la Libération, 33405 Talence-Cedex, France
(3) INRA-Agronomie, BP 81, 33883 Villenave d’Omon, France

Contact the author

Keywords

terroir, sol, zonage, cartographie, vigne, régime hydrique, télédétection, viticulture de précision, indicateurs physiologiques, secteur de référence, Système d’information Géographique (S.I.G.)

terroir, soil, zoning, mapping, vine, water status, remote sensing, precision viticulture, physiological indicators, reference sector, Geographical Information System (G.I.S.)

Tags

IVES Conference Series | Terroir 2002

Citation

Related articles…

Unraveling grapevine resilience to water and nutrient limitations

Water and nutrient availability significantly impact crop yield, thus the application of sustainable strategies towards efficient water use and nutrient absorption by plants is needed.

Phenology, thermal requirements and maturation of the SR 0.501-17 wine grape hybrid cultivated in contrasting climate

The use of hybrids in viticulture is one of the alternatives for sustainable production in hot and rainy regions during grapevine maturation. This sustainable production concerns the reduction of pesticide use, adaptation to climate and control of vine decline. The SR 0.501-17 wine grape hybrid, developed in the grapevine program of the Agronomic Institute of Campinas (IAC), is characterized by producing white grapes with small spherical berries with seeds. The agronomic characterization of this hybrid, especially in different climatic conditions, as well as the evaluation of its performance in winemaking are necessary. The objective of this work was to characterize the duration and thermal requirements of the different phenological stages and the influence of rainfall on the physicochemical characteristics of the must in two contrasting climate regions of the State of São Paulo.

Study of the effect of native vineyard bacteria on the expression of Plasmopara viticolaeffectors

Downy mildew, caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl. & De Toni, is one of the most destructive grapevine diseases mostly affecting Vitis vinifera L. and impacting on viticulture. The pathogen invasion can induce in grapevine multiple defense reactions, first PAMP-Triggered Immunity and secondly Effector-Triggered Immunity. Plasmopara viticola can overcome these defense mechanisms through the secretion of effectors, such as RxLR, into the plant cells, making it easier for the oomycete to infect grapevines. Currently, the use of chemical pesticides remains the most effective way to control the pathogen with severe negative side effects on the environment and animal health.

Ellagitannin profile of red and white wines aged with oak chips

Wine aging with oak chips is nowadays a common alternative to barrel aging, aiming to improve wine quality through the fast extraction of wood derived compounds. From the pool of wood phenols, ellagitannins have been reported to have the most significant impact on the wine’s organoleptic profile. Their final concentration in wines is influenced by several factors, with toasting level considered as one of the most important.

A sensometabolomic approach to understand wine mouthfeel percepts

Targeted analytical methods can overlook compounds that are a priori unknown to play a role in the mouthfeel sensations. This limitation can be overcome with the information provided by untargeted metabolomic analysis using UPLC‐QTOF-MS. To this end, an untargeted metabolomic approach applied to 42 red wines has allowed development of a model with predictive capacity by cross-validation for the “dry”, “oily” and “unctuous” sensations perceived by a sensory panel. The optimal PLS model for “dry” retained compounds with positive regression coefficients (≥ 0.17) including a trimer procyanidin, a peptide, and four anthocyanins.