Terroir 1996 banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 Caratteristiche fisico-chimiche dei suoli coltivati a vite e loro influenza nella diffusione del mal dell’esca

Caratteristiche fisico-chimiche dei suoli coltivati a vite e loro influenza nella diffusione del mal dell’esca

Abstract

[English version below]

Il mal dell’esca é una malattia della vite della quale sono state studiate sintomatologia, eziologia, patogenesi ed epidemiologia. Essendo una malattia che colpisce soprattutto la parte epigea delle piante, le caratteristiche dei suoli non sono mai state considerate fra le responsabili della sua insorgenza e diffusione. In questo lavoro abbiamo studiato suoli di vigneti in cui il mal dell ‘esca présenta un ‘elevata incidenza e suoli di vigneti dove tale incidenza è scarsa o nulla. Le osservazioni morfologiche ed i risultati analitici indicano che i vigneti più danneggiati dalla malattia sono quelli i cui suoli presentano condizioni idromorfe a minima profondità, fra i 35 ed i 65 cm. Al contrario, i terreni dove l’incidenza é scarsa non presentano segni di idromorfia.
La difficoltà di percolazione, con conseguente instaurarsi di condizioni asfittiche, può essere imputata a due cause: 1) diminuzione di porosità totale negli orizzonti inferiori e 2) preponderante presenza di microporosità dovuta all’eccessivo contenuto di argilla e limo (dal 48 al 76%). Inoltre, l’argilla è costituita da minerali in grado di espandersi in presenza di acqua e, quindi, di rallentare ulteriormente il drenaggio del suolo. Al tri fattori che favoriscono la formazione di orizzonti asfittici sono: 1) i bassi tenori di carbonio organico non sufficienti a prevenire la migrazione dell ‘argilla; 2) la scarsa efficienza delle opere di drenaggio e 3) le lavorazioni meccaniche. Nei suoli ben drenati il contenuto di argilla e limo non supera il 45%, i minerali a reticolo espandibile sono presenti in tracce e, di conseguenza, non vi sono difficoltà di percolazione. Dalle nostre osservazioni risulta quindi che i vigneti maggiormente soggetti al mal dell ‘esca sono quelli che tendono a sviluppare condizioni di scarso drenaggio.

Studies have been conducted on the symptomatology, aetiology, pathogenesis and epidemic of the esca, a disease that affects grapes. Since Esca attacks mostly the above ground parts of the plants, the soil has not been considered relevant in the development and spreading of this disease. In this work we have investigated vineyard soils with a high incidence of esca, and others with a low or no incidence. Our morphological observations and analyses have shown that those vineyard affected by esca also manifest poorly drained conditions at a depth of about 35-65 cm. On the contrary the soils where the occurrence of the disease is less manifested are well drained.
The irnpeded drainage, with the attendant unoxy conditions, can be attributed to two causes: 1) a decreasing porosity in the lower horizons and 2) the prevailing micro porosity due to the high content of clay and silt (from 48 to 76%). Moreover, the clay is made of minerals that, once hydrated, tend to expand, further reducing the porosity and, thus, the drainage. Others factors that additionally cause a deterioration of the drainage are 1) the low organic matter content that prevent aggregation; 2) the inadequate drainage structures and 3) the continuous mechanical operations. In the well-drained soils the clay plus silt content is always less than 45%, the expandable minerals are presence in traces and, hence, there are not limitations to impede the drainage. We conclude that the vineyards more vulnerable to the esca are those painted on soils which tend to develop poorly drained conditions.

DOI:

Publication date: March 2, 2022

Issue: Terroir 1998

Type: Article

Authors

GIUSEPPE CORTI, FIORENZO C. UGOLINI, ROSANNA CUNIGLIO

Dipartimento di Scienza del Suolo e Nutrizione della Pianta
Piazzale delle Cascine, 15 – 50144 Firenze

Tags

IVES Conference Series | Terroir 1998

Citation

Related articles…

Effect of multi-level and multi-scale spectral data source on vineyard state assessment

Currently, the main goal of agriculture is to promote the resilience of agricultural systems in a sustainable way through the improvement of use efficiency of farm resources, increasing crop yield and quality under climate change conditions. This last is expected to drastically modify plant growth, with possible negative effects, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of Europe on the viticultural sector. In this context, the monitoring of spatial behavior of grapevine during the growing season represents an opportunity to improve the plant management, winegrowers’ incomes, and to preserve the environmental health, but it has additional costs for the farmer. Nowadays, UAS equipped with a VIS-NIR multispectral camera (blue, green, red, red-edge, and NIR) represents a good and relatively cheap solution to assess plant status spatial information (by means of a limited set of spectral vegetation indices), representing important support in precision agriculture management during the growing season. While differences between UAS-based multispectral imagery and point-based spectroscopy are well discussed in the literature, their impact on plant status estimation by vegetation indices is not completely investigated in depth. The aim of this study was to assess the performance level of UAS-based multispectral (5 bands across 450-800nm spectral region with a spatial resolution of 5cm) imagery, reconstructed high-resolution satellite (Sentinel-2A) multispectral imagery (13 bands across 400-2500 nm with spatial resolution of <2 m) through Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) approach, and point-based field spectroscopy (collecting 600 wavelengths across 400-1000 nm spectral region with a surface footprint of 1-2 cm) in a plant status estimation application, and then, using Bayesian regularization artificial neural network for leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) and plant water status (LWP) prediction. The test site is a Greco vineyard of southern Italy, where detailed and precise records on soil and atmosphere systems, in-vivo plant monitoring of eco-physiological parameters have been conducted.

Short-term relationships between climate and grapevine trunk diseases in southern French vineyards

[lwp_divi_breadcrumbs home_text="IVES" use_before_icon="on" before_icon="||divi||400" module_id="publication-ariane" _builder_version="4.19.4" _module_preset="default" module_text_align="center" module_font_size="16px" text_orientation="center"...

Impact of climate change on the viticultural climate of the Protected Designation of Origin “Jumilla” (SE Spain)

Protected Designation of Origin “Jumilla” (PDO Jumilla) is located in the Spanish provinces of Albacete and Murcia, in the South-eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula, where most of the models predict a severe impact of climate change in next decades. PDO Jumilla covers an area of 247,054 hectares, of which more than 22,000 hectares

Climate, Viticulture, and Wine … my how things have changed!

The planet is warmer than at any time in our recorded past and increasing greenhouse emissions and persistence in the climate system means that continued warming is highly likely. Climate change has already altered the basic framework of growing grapes for wine production worldwide and will likely continue to do so for years to come. The wine sector can continue to play an important role in leading the agricultural sector in addressing climate change. From developing on…

Deconstructing the soil component of terroir: from controversy to consensus

Wine terroir describes the collectively recognized relation between a geographical area and the distinctive organoleptic characteristics of the wines produced in it. The overriding objective in terroir studies is therefore to provide scientific proof relating the properties of terroir components to wine quality and typicity. In scientific circles, the role of climate (macro-, meso- and micro-) on grape and wine characteristics is well documented and accepted as the most critical. Moreover, there has been increasing interest in recent years about new elements with possible importance in shaping wine terroir like berry/leaf/soil microbiology or even aromatic plants in proximity to the vineyard conferring flavors to the grapes. However, the actual effect of these factors is also dependent on complex interactions with plant material (variety/clone, rootstock, vine age) and with human factors.
The contribution of soil, although a fundamental component of terroir and extremely popular among wine enthusiasts, remains a much-debated issue among researchers. The role of geology is probably the one mostly associated by consumers with the notion of terroir with different parent rocks considered to give birth to different wine styles. However, the relationship between wine properties and the underlying parent material raises a lot of controversy especially regarding the actual existence of rock-derived flavors in the wine (e.g. minerality). As far as the actual soil properties are concerned, the effect of soil physical properties is generally regarded as the most significant (e.g sandy soils being associated with lighter wines while those on clay with colored and tannic ones) mostly through control of water availability which ultimately modifies berry ripening conditions either directly by triggering biosynthetic pathways, or indirectly by altering vigor and yield components. The role of soil chemistry seems to be weakly associated to wine sensory characteristic, although N, K, S and Ca, but also soil pH, are often considered important in the overall soil effect.
Recently, in the light of evidence provided by precision agriculture studies reporting a high variability of vineyard soils, the spatial scale should also be taken into consideration in the evaluation of the soil effects on wines. While it is accepted that soil effects become more significant than climate on a local level, it is not clear whether these micro-variations of vineyard soils are determining in the terroir effect. Moreover, as terroir is not a set of only natural factors, the magnitude of the contribution of human-related factors (irrigation, fertilization, soil management) to the soil effect still remains ambiguous. Lastly, a major shortcoming of the majority of works about soil effects on wine characteristics is the absence of connection with actual vine physiological processes since all soil effects on grape and wine chemistry and sensorial properties are ultimately mediated through vine responses.
This article attempts to breakdown the main soil attributes involved in the terroir effect to suggest an improved understanding about soil’s true contribution to wine sensory characteristics. It is proposed that soil parameters per se are not as significant determining factors in the terroir effect but rather their mutual interactions as well as with other natural and human factors included in the terroir concept. Consequently, similarly to bioclimatic indices, composite soil indices (i.e. soil depth, water holding capacity, fertility, temperature etc), incorporating multiple soil parameters, might provide a more accurate and quantifiable means to assess the relative weight of the soil component in the terroir effect.