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IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 OIV 9 OIV 2024 9 Orals - Oenology, methods of analysis 9 Raman spectroscopy as a rapid method to assess grape polyphenolic maturation and wine malolactic fermentation on site

Raman spectroscopy as a rapid method to assess grape polyphenolic maturation and wine malolactic fermentation on site

Abstract

Wineries can increase their economic and environmental sustainability by optimizing the winemaking procedures, from harvest to wine maturation and conservation. Based on analytical data of the chemical composition and wine sensory evaluation, the enologist makes his own decision regarding the enological interventions at the harvest date selection, winemaking and post-winemaking. For example, harvest timing is nowadays decided upon acidity and sugar content, which is a poor predictor of the phenolic maturity, whose assessment requires laboratory techniques with simulated extractions and spectrophotometric readings or using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); furthermore, monitoring the malolactic fermentation (MLF) necessitates continuous assessment of the wine acidity profile, a task often performed in a laboratory using a variety of analytical technologies, including time-consuming hplc runs. Sometimes, it is inaccurate, impractical or expensive to utilize the currently available methods in decision making, e.g. To employ thresholds for the phenolic content in grapes to determine the beginning of the harvest or to quantify malic acid in wine to detect the end of the MLF. The ability to rapidly conduct these analyses in the cellar would make it possible to improve the control network, save energy, and, most importantly, optimize the final product. In this work, raman spectroscopy was shown as a reliable substitute for traditional measurement techniques during various stages of winemaking and vineyard processes, due to its accessible nature and quick response. This technique’s effectiveness in tracking the polyphenolic content of grapes near harvest and in monitoring the MLF of wines in real time was demonstrated and compared with the generally accepted methods for similar quantifications, i.e. The method proposed by glories and augustin with modifications, and the total extraction with HPLC analysis. A portable raman spectrometer was used to collect the raman chemical fingerprint of a wide sampling of nebbiolo grape berries and wine samples, from piedmont vineyards and cellars belonging to the barolo zone, directly on the samples (berries and wines) with no previous preparation. Data were processed by the partial least squares (PLS) regression machine learning technique to obtain predictive multivariate models and compared to the laboratory methods results, in order to achieve fully automatable, user-independent methods for whose application in loco specialized operators are not needed. The investigations showed that the raman-pls models could monitor the phenolic maturation of the berries through three indices (total concentration of polyphenols, anthocyanins, and flavonoids), as well as the progressive conversion from malic to lactic acid in wine, with good accuracy and sensitivity. These findings indicate that the raman method, which requires only a few minutes of analysis, is a legitimate and reliable substitute for current methods. With a portable raman device, the analysis can be performed instantly in the winery without requiring any special sample preparation or specific expertise, thus eliminating the need for costly bench setups and enabling the monitoring process to be tightened and a leaner approach to be adopted. This research was funded by regione piemonte by the qualshell psr project.

Spectroscopie raman comme méthode rapide d’évaluation de la maturation polyphénolique des raisins et de la fermentation malolactique du vin sur place

Les vignobles peuvent accroître leur durabilité économique et environnementale en optimisant les procédures de vinification, de la récolte à la maturation et à la conservation du vin. Sur la base des données analytiques de la composition chimique et de l’évaluation sensorielle du vin, l’œnologue prend sa propre décision concernant les interventions œnologiques à la sélection de la date de récolte, de la vinification et de la post-vinification. Par exemple, le calendrier des récoltes est aujourd’hui déterminé en fonction de l’acidité et de la teneur en sucre, ce qui est un mauvais prédicteur de la maturité phénolique, dont l’évaluation nécessite des techniques de laboratoire avec des extractions simulées et des lectures spectrophotométriques ou en utilisant la chromatographie liquide de haute performance (HPLC); en outre, la surveillance de la fermentation malolactique (MLF) nécessite une évaluation continue du profil d’ acidité du vin, une tâche souvent effectuée dans un laboratoire à l’aide d’une variété de technologies analytiques, y compris des cours de HPLC qui prennent du temps. Parfois, il est inexact, impraticable ou coûteux d’utiliser les méthodes actuellement disponibles dans la prise de décisions, par exemple d’employer des seuils de teneur en phénols dans les raisins pour déterminer le début de la récolte ou de quantifier l’acide malin dans le vin pour détecter la fin de la LMF. La possibilité de procéder rapidement à ces analyses dans la cave permettrait d’améliorer le réseau de contrôle, d’économiser de l’énergie et, surtout, d’optimiser le produit final. Dans ce travail, la spectroscopie raman a été démontrée comme un substitut fiable aux techniques de mesure traditionnelles au cours des différentes étapes des processus de vinification et de vigne, en raison de sa nature accessible et de sa réponse rapide. L’efficacité de cette technique dans le suivi de la teneur en polyphénols des raisins à proximité de la récolte et dans la surveillance en temps réel de la mlf des vins a été démontrée et comparée avec les méthodes généralement acceptées pour des quantifications similaires, c’est-à-dire la méthode proposée par glories et augustin avec des modifications, et l’extraction totale avec l’analyse HPLC. Un spectromètre portable raman a été utilisé pour recueillir l’empreinte chimique raman d’un large échantillon de baies de nebbiolo et d’échantillons de vin, provenant de vignobles et de caveaux piémontais appartenant à la zone barolo, directement sur les échantillons (des baies et des vins) sans préparation préalable. Les données ont été traitées à l’aide de la technique de régression automatique des plus petits carrés partiels (PLS) pour obtenir des modèles multivariés prédictifs et comparer les résultats aux méthodes de laboratoire, afin d’obtenir des méthodes entièrement automatisables et indépendantes de l’utilisateur pour lesquelles l’application dans les opérateurs loco spécialisés n’est pas nécessaire. Les recherches ont montré que les modèles raman-pls pouvaient surveiller la maturation phénolique des baies à travers trois indices (concentration totale de polyphénols, d’anthocyanines et de flavonoïdes), ainsi que la conversion progressive de l’acide malico-lactéique dans le vin, avec une bonne précision et une bonne sensibilité. Ces résultats indiquent que la méthode raman, qui ne nécessite que quelques minutes d’analyse, est un substitut légitime et fiable aux méthodes actuelles. Grâce à un dispositif portable raman, l’analyse peut être effectuée instantanément dans la vigne sans nécessiter de préparation d’échantillons spécifiques ou d’expertise spécifique, éliminant ainsi la nécessité de configurations de banquettes coûteuses et permettant de resserrer le processus de surveillance et d’adopter une approche plus souple. Cette recherche a été financée par la région piemonte par le projet psr qualshell.

La spettroscopia raman come metodo rapido per valutare la maturazione polifenolica delle uve e la fermentazione malolattica del vino in loco

Le cantine possono aumentare la loro sostenibilità economica e ambientale ottimizzando le procedure vitivinicole dalla vendemmia alla maturazione e conservazione del vino. Sulla base dei dati analitici della composizione chimica e della valutazione sensoriale della bacca e del vino, l’enologo trae le sue conclusioni riguardo agli interventi enologici nella scelta di data di raccolta, in vinificazione e conservazione. Ad esempio, il tempo di raccolta è generalmente deciso sulla base dell’acidità e del contenuto zuccherino, che non è un buon predittore della maturità fenolica, la cui valutazione richiede tecniche di laboratorio con estrazioni simulate e analisi spettrofotometriche o con la cromatografia liquida ad alte prestazioni (HPLC); inoltre, il controllo della fermentazione malolattica (mlf) richiede un monitoraggio continuo del profilo acidico del vino, che viene spesso eseguito in laboratorio utilizzando una varietà di tecnologie analitiche, tra cui HPLC con tempistiche non immediate. E spesso poco accurato, impraticabile od oneroso utilizzare i metodi attualmente disponibili nel processo decisionale, come ad esempio impiegare soglie del contenuto fenolico nelle uve per determinare l’inizio della vendemmia o monitorare il contenuto in acido malico nel vino per l’eventualità di un arresto della MLF. La capacità di effettuare rapidamente queste analisi in cantina permetterebbe di migliorare la rete di controllo, risparmiare energia e, soprattutto, ottimizzare il prodotto finale. In questo studio, la spettroscopia raman si è dimostrata in grado di essere un sostituto affidabile alle tecniche di misurazione tradizionali durante varie fasi dei processi vitivinicoli, grazie alla sua natura accessibile e alla sua risposta rapida. L’efficacia di questa tecnica nel tracciare in tempo reale il contenuto fenolico delle uve nelle fasi prossime alla raccolta e monitorare la mlf dei vini è stata dimostrata e confrontata con i metodi generalmente accettati per quantificazioni simili, nella fattispecie il metodo proposto da glories e augustin con modificazioni, e l’estrazione totale con analisi HPLC. Uno spettrometro raman portatile è stato utilizzato per raccogliere l’impronta chimica raman di un ampio campione di uve e vini nebbiolo provenienti da vigneti e cantine del piemonte della zona del barolo, direttamente sui campioni (acini e vini) senza alcuna preparazione antecedente. I dati sono stati elaborati con la tecnica di machine learning di regressione sul metodo dei minimi quadrati parziali (PLS) per ottenere modelli predittivi di analisi multivariata e confrontarsi con i risultati dei metodi di laboratorio, al fine di ottenere metodi completamente automatizzabili, indipendenti dall’utente per la cui applicazione in loco non sono necessari operatori specializzati. Le misure hanno dimostrato che i modelli raman-pls possono monitorare la maturazione fenolica degli acini attraverso l’impiego di tre indici (concentrazione totale in polifenoli, antociani e flavonoidi), così come la conversione da acido malico ad acido lattico nel vino, con buona accuratezza e sensibilità. Questi risultati indicano che il metodo raman, che richiede solo pochi minuti di misure, è un sostituto pratico e affidabile dei metodi attuali. Con un dispositivo raman portatile l’analisi può essere eseguita istantaneamente nella cantina, senza richiedere alcuna preparazione di campioni o competenze specifiche, eliminando così la necessità di costosi apparati di laboratorio e consentendo di rafforzare il processo di monitoraggio e di adottare un approccio più facile da usare. La regione piemonte ha stanziato fondi per questa ricerca attraverso il progetto psr qualshell.

Publication date: November 18, 2024

Issue: OIV 2024

Type: Article

Authors

Alessio Sacco¹

¹ Unità di Fisica-Chimica e Nanotecnologie, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Torino, Italy

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Tags

IVES Conference Series | OIV | OIV 2024

Citation

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