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IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 OIV 9 OIV 2024 9 Orals - Oenology, methods of analysis 9 Evolution of the metabolic profile of grapes in a context of climate change

Evolution of the metabolic profile of grapes in a context of climate change

Abstract

In the current context of global climate change, anticipating the evolution of the oenological potential of emblematic grape varieties of regions such as Burgundy and Champagne is a guarantee of the sustainability of a sector which has considerable economic weight. However, if various models of climate change cast doubt on the sustainability of these grape varieties in these regions, appellation decrees, as well as consumer expectations, do not allow or consider the use of alternative grape varieties. In addition, control/compensation methods such as irrigation are also not permitted. The impact of climate change on the physiology of the vine has already been the subject of numerous studies, particularly under controlled conditions. On the other hand, knowledge of the limits of the adaptability of burgundy and champagne grape varieties to increasing water or heat constraints, and the identification of natural levers of resistance, remains limited. In this work, pinot noir and chardonnay berries were sampled from more than 97 different vineyards in europe and argentina, characterized by very contrasting soil and climatic conditions. These conditions were considered as potentially extreme, and/or representative of those from the coming decades for the two northern French wine regions. Climatic analyses confirmed that the great diversity of the samples collected made it possible to cover a wide range of viticultural conditions. The combination of climatology, untargeted metabolomics (ft-icr-ms) and multivariate statistical models made it possible to correlate metabolic fingerprints of grape juice to 35 climatic indicators commonly used in viticulture. Up to 130 elemental compositions, covering the whole range of detected masses (100 –1000 m/z) were found to be significantly correlated to the average daily minimum temperatures over the 15 days preceding the harvest while 120 elemental compositions could be linked with the number of high heat days (t > 35°c) between veraison and harvest. Further investigation of these chemical markers revealed glycosylated terpene and glycosylated phenolic suggesting that a remarkable diversity of secondary metabolites, particularly those associated with sensory characteristics of wines, have concentrations consistently modulated by climatic parameters suchn as minimum temperatures or heat excess during grape ripening. Our results provide an unprecedented representation of the metabolic diversity induced by climatic response at the grape level, and which could contribute to a better knowledge of the grapevine mitigation strategy in a climate change context.

Evolución del perfil metabólico de la uva en un contexto de cambio climático 

En el contexto actual de cambio climático global, anticipar la evolución del potencial enológico de variedades de uva emblemáticas de regiones como borgoña y champagne es garantía de la sostenibilidad de un sector que tiene un peso económico considerable. Sin embargo, si los diversos modelos de cambio climático ponen en duda la sostenibilidad de estas variedades de uva en estas regiones, los decretos de denominación, así como las expectativas de los consumidores, no permiten ni consideran el uso de variedades de uva alternativas. Además, tampoco se permiten métodos de control/compensación como el riego. El impacto del cambio climático en la fisiología de la vid ya ha sido objeto de numerosos estudios, especialmente en condiciones controladas. Por otro lado, el conocimiento de los límites de la adaptabilidad de las variedades de uva de borgoña y champagne a las limitaciones hídricas o térmicas, y la identificación de las palancas naturales de resistencia, sigue siendo limitado. En este trabajo se buscó caracterizar de manera integradora el impacto de diferentes condiciones climáticas. Para ello, se tomaron muestras de bayas de Pinot noir y Chardonnay de más de 97 viñedos diferentes de europa y argentina, caracterizados por condiciones edafoclimáticas muy contrastantes. Estas condiciones se consideraron potencialmente extremas y/o representativas de las que vendrán en las próximas décadas para las dos regiones vitivinícolas del norte de Francia. Los análisis climáticos confirmaron que la gran diversidad de las muestras recogidas permitió cubrir una amplia gama de condiciones vitícolas. La combinación de climatología, metabolómica no dirigida (ft-icr-ms) y modelos estadísticos multivariados permitió investigar las huellas metabólicas del zumo de uva en relación con 35 indicadores climáticos comúnmente utilizados en viticultura. Se encontró que hasta 130 composiciones elementales, que cubren todo el rango de masas detectadas (100 -1000 m/z) se correlacionan significativamente con las temperaturas mínimas diarias promedio durante los 15 días anteriores a la cosecha, mientras que 120 composiciones elementales podrían estar relacionadas con el número de días de calor alto (t > 35 ° c) entre el envero y la cosecha. La investigación posterior de estos marcadores químicos  reveló terpenos glicosilados y fenólicos glicosilados, lo que sugiere que una notable diversidad de metabolitos secundarios, particularmente aquellos asociados con las características sensoriales de los vinos, están involucrados en la influencia de las temperaturas mínimas o el exceso de calor durante la maduración de la uva. Nuestros resultados proporcionan una representación sin precedentes de la diversidad metabólica inducida por la respuesta climática a nivel de uva, y que podría contribuir a un mejor conocimiento de la estrategia de mitigación de la vid en un contexto de cambio climático.

Évolution du profil métabolique du raisin dans un contexte de changement climatique

Dans le contexte actuel de changement climatique mondial, anticiper l’évolution du potentiel œnologique de cépages emblématiques de régions comme la bourgogne et la champagne est un gage de pérennité d’une filière au poids économique considérable. Cependant, si divers modèles de changement climatique font douter de la durabilité de ces cépages dans ces régions, les décrets d’appellation, ainsi que les attentes des consommateurs, n’autorisent ni n’envisagent l’utilisation de cépages alternatifs. En outre, les méthodes de contrôle/compensation telles que l’irrigation ne sont pas non plus autorisées. L’impact du changement climatique sur la physiologie de la vigne a déjà fait l’objet de nombreuses études, notamment en conditions contrôlées. En revanche, la connaissance des limites de l’adaptabilité des cépages bourguignons et champenois aux contraintes hydriques ou thermiques, et l’identification des leviers naturels de résistance, restent limitées. Dans ce travail, nous avons cherché à caractériser de manière intégrative l’impact des différentes conditions climatiques. Pour cela, des baies de pinot noir et de chardonnay ont été échantillonnées dans plus de 97 vignobles différents en Europe et en Argentine, caractérisés par des conditions pédoclimatiques et très contrastées. Ces conditions ont été considérées comme potentiellement extrêmes et/ou représentatives de celles à venir dans les décennies à venir pour les deux régions viticoles du nord de la france. Les analyses climatiques ont confirmé que la grande diversité des échantillons collectés permettait de couvrir un large éventail de conditions viticoles. La combinaison de la climatologie, de la métabolomique non ciblée (ft-icr-ms) et des modèles statistiques multivariés a permis d’étudier les empreintes métaboliques du jus de raisin au regard de 35 indicateurs climatiques couramment utilisés en viticulture. Jusqu’à 130 compositions élémentaires, couvrant toute la gamme des masses détectées (100 à 1000 m/z) se sont avérées significativement corrélées aux températures minimales quotidiennes moyennes au cours des 15 jours précédant la récolte, tandis que 120 compositions élémentaires ont pu être liées au nombre de jours de forte chaleur (t > 35°c) entre la véraison et la récolte. Une étude plus approfondie de ces marqueurs chimiques a révélé des terpènes glycosylés et des phénoliques glycosylés, suggérant qu’une diversité remarquable de métabolites secondaires, en particulier ceux associés aux caractéristiques sensorielles des vins, est impliquée dans l’influence des températures minimales ou de l’excès de chaleur pendant la maturation des raisins. Nos résultats fournissent une représentation inédite de la diversité métabolique induite par la réponse climatique au niveau du raisin, et qui pourrait contribuer à une meilleure connaissance de la stratégie d’atténuation de la vigne dans un contexte de changement climatique.

Publication date: November 18, 2024

Issue: OIV 2024

Type: Article

Authors

Sébastien Nicolas¹, Régis Gougeon¹, Kévin Billet¹, Roy Urvieta², Fernando Buscema², Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin³, Benjamin Bois⁴

¹ Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin – Jules Guyot, UMR PAM 1517, Université de Bourgogne/Institut Agro/INRAE, Dijon, France
² Catena Institute of Wine, Mendoza, Argentina
³ Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
⁴ Biogéosciences, UMR 6282 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France

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IVES Conference Series | OIV | OIV 2024

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