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IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 OIV 9 OIV 2024 9 Orals - Economy and law 9 100 ans d’évolution des règles relatives à l’encépagement des AOC viticoles françaises : quelles perspectives face aux enjeux contemporains

100 ans d’évolution des règles relatives à l’encépagement des AOC viticoles françaises : quelles perspectives face aux enjeux contemporains

Résumé

La dénomination des vins utilisée pour leur commercialisation décrit le plus souvent leur type (vin tranquille, vin effervescent), leur origine, leur couleur (blanc, rouge, rosé), voire pour les vins blancs leur teneur en sucres résiduels. Mais l’étiquetage cite aussi fréquemment le ou les cépages les constituant, l’objectif pour le metteur en marché étant notamment de pouvoir communiquer au consommateur les principaux facteurs contribuant à la qualité d’un vin, et donc notamment son origine ou les cépages avec lesquels il a été obtenu.

Cette communication peut déjà se retrouver dans les écrits d’Olivier de SERRES, célèbre agronome français du 17ème siècle, qui écrivait que « l’aer, la terre et le complant sont le fondement du vignoble. De leur assemblage provient abondance de bon vin, de longue garde, non sujet à se corrompre et charriable pour la débite… ».

Après la publication en France en mai 1919 de la loi mettant en place les appellations d’origine sur la base de leur notoriété et de leur territoire, les Pouvoirs publics français ont publié en 1927 une loi sur une codification des usages constatés relatifs à leurs zones de production et à leur encépagement. En juillet 1935 la création du système des AOC donne compétence à une nouvelle structure, l’INAO (l’Institut national des appellations d’origine) pour définir l’ensemble des conditions de production devant être mises en œuvre pour pouvoir prétendre au bénéfice d’une AOC.

Au cours du 20ème siècle et jusqu’à maintenant, l’INAO va codifier les conditions de production des AOC et leurs évolutions, et notamment celles concernant leur encépagement.

L’apparition de nouveaux enjeux contemporains, et notamment la réponse à apporter aux évolutions climatiques ou aux demandes sociétales comme la réduction des intrants phytosanitaires utilisés dans le vignoble, a amené l’INAO à envisager lors de la dernière décennie de nouvelles procédures notamment pour l’évolution de l’encépagement.

Dans cet article sont présentées les principales étapes relatives à l’évolution de la réglementation relative l’encépagement pour les appellations d’origine viticole, depuis la publication de la loi du 6 mai 1919 relative aux appellations d’origine jusqu’à maintenant.

A century of evolution of the rules relating to grape varieties in the regulation of French wine AOCs

To characterize a wine, the most frequently used criteria describe its color, its origin, the grape varieties from which they come, or even for white wines its residual sugar content (dry, semi-dry, sweet).

In France, the system of appellations of origin set up in 1919 was initially based solely on the notoriety and origin of the wines. But given the unfavorable consequences that this lack of details generated, the public authorities quickly integrated in 1927 into the “CAPUS” law criteria for access to designations of origin, relating to the specific characteristics of the soils of the vineyards and the grape varieties used, in particular exclusion of interspecific hybrid varieties. In 1935 the creation of the AOC system confirmed the interest in precisely defining all the production conditions that must be implemented to be able to claim the benefit of an AOC, and grape varieties were an essential condition for acquisition. particular characteristics allowing the recognition of an AOC.

The work of the INAO, the organization in charge of wine AOCs, took place following the reconstitution of the vineyard post-phylloxera crisis at the beginning of the century, led at the beginning of the 20th century by the various wine-growing authorities. Since its creation, the INAO was led to define the production conditions of the new AOCs and more precisely their grape varieties, with the objective of segmentation and differentiation of quality viticulture within a wine production then comprising a large proportion of entry-level wines. The emergence of new contemporary issues, and in particular the response to climate change or societal demands such as the reduction of phytosanitary inputs used for vine cultivation, has led the INAO to consider new procedures over the last decade. particularly for the evolution of grape varieties.

The so-called varieties of interest for adaptation (VIFA) procedure set up by the INAO in 2018 aims to allow AOCs to anticipate the necessary changes in grape varieties in order to be able to respond to the issues to which they must respond, such as adaptation to climatic changes, the reduction of inputs (phytopharmaceuticals) or the reduction of the alcohol content of the wines produced, while also preserving the characteristics of the wines claimed in these appellations. Furthermore, since 2021, the evolution of European regulations opening the grape varieties of controlled designations of origin to all interspecific varieties has enabled the integration of varieties tolerant to the main vine diseases (mildew, powdery mildew in particular) into the VIFA procedure, under strictly supervised conditions.

This article presents for wine designations of origin the main stages relating to the regulations concerning grape varieties, from the law of May 6, 1919 until now, and the prospects for responding to the main contemporary issues.

100 años de evolución de la normativa relativa a las variedades de uva  en la normativa de las AOC vitícolas francesas 

Para caracterizar un vino, los criterios más utilizados describen su color, su origen, la(s) va-riedad(es) de uva de la(s) que procede, e incluso en el caso de los vinos blancos su contenido en azúcares residuales (seco, semiseco, dulce). En francia, el sistema de denominaciones de origen establecido en 1919 se basó inicial-mente únicamente en la notoriedad y el origen de los vinos. Sin embargo, en vista de las con-secuencias desfavorables que generó esta falta de precisiones, las autoridades públicas inte-graron rápidamente en 1927 en la ley “capus” criterios de acceso a las denominaciones de origen, relativos a las características específicas de los suelos de los viñedos y de las varie-dades de uva utilizadas, con exclusión particular de las variedades híbridas interespecíficas. En 1935, la creación del sistema AOC confirmó la importancia de definir con precisión todas las condiciones de producción que debían implementarse para poder reclamar el beneficio de una aoc, y las variedades de uva eran una condición esencial para la adquisición de las características particulares que permitían el reconocimiento de una AOC. El trabajo del inao, el organismo encargado de la gestión de las aoc vitivinícolas, fue mo-tivado por la reconstitución del viñedo después de la crisis de la filoxera a principios de siglo, que fue pilotada a principios del siglo xx por las distintas autoridades vitivinícolas. Desde su creación, el inao se ha visto obligado a definir las condiciones de producción de las nuevas aoc y más concretamente de sus variedades de uva, con el objetivo de segmentar y diferenciar la viticultura de calidad dentro de una producción vitivinícola que entonces incluía una gran proporción de vinos de precio asequible para los consumidores.  La aparición de nuevas problemáticas contemporáneas, y en particular la respuesta al cambio climático o a demandas sociales como la reducción de los insumos fitosanitarios utilizados para el cultivo de la vid, ha llevado al inao a plantearse crear nuevos procedimientos en la última década, especialmente relativos a la evolución de las variedades de uva. El denominado procedimiento de variedades de interés para la adaptación (vifa) puesto en marcha por el inao en 2018 tiene como objetivo permitir a las aoc anticiparse a los cambios necesarios en las variedades de uva para poder responder a los retos a los que deben enfrentarse, como la adaptación al cambio climático, la reducción de insumos (fitofármacos) o la reducción del grado alcohólico de los vinos producidos, preservando al mismo tiempo las características de los vinos perteneciendo a estas denominaciones. Además, desde 2021, la evolución de la normativa europea permitiendo el uso de las variedades de uva de de-nominaciones de origen controladas en todas las variedades interespecíficas ha permitido la integración de variedades tolerantes a las principales enfermedades de la vid (mildiu, oídio en particular) en el procedimiento vifa, en condiciones estrictamente reguladas. Este artículo presenta las principales etapas de la regulación de las variedades de uva, desde la ley del 6 de mayo de 1919 hasta la actualidad, y las perspectivas para responder a los principales problemas contemporáneos.

DOI:

Publication date: November 18, 2024

Issue: OIV 2024

Type: Article

Authors

Jacques Gautier¹

1 INAO Montreuil – France

Contact the author*

Tags

Full papers OIV 2024 | IVES Conference Series | OIV | OIV 2024

Citation

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