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IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 OIV 9 OIV 2024 9 Orals - Safety and health 9 Effect of moderate wine consumption in animal models

Effect of moderate wine consumption in animal models

Abstract

In 1979, the so-called “French paradox” was proposed, that is, a correlation between wine consumption, a diet rich in saturated fats, and a low mortality from coronary heart disease. On the other hand, it has also been described that alcohol consumption has negative effects on aging and increases the risk of liver cirrhosis and cancer. However, both hypotheses are based on population studies that may present distortions due to multiple factors (geographic, diet, smoking, socioeconomic level, etc.). In any case, despite the large number of studies on alcohol, wine and health, both in vitro and in vivo, to date, to our knowledge, no studies have been published in animal models in relation to moderate wine consumption.  Thus, the objective of this work is to analyze whether moderate and prolonged consumption of wine has any effect on health, whether under a balanced diet or one rich in fats (similar to that consumed in developed countries), in the murine model, commonly used to study the effects of alcohol on the progression of alcoholic hepatitis and aging, among others. With this purpose, 2-month-old female mice (equivalent to about 18 years in humans) were divided into 6 groups (20 animals/group), 3 fed with a standard diet and 3 with a fatty diet, which were given as drink water, or ethanol or wine, respectively, for 18 months (equivalent to about 75 years in humans). The amounts of wine or alcohol, diluted in water, are proportional to the weight of the mice and what is considered moderate alcohol consumption in adult women (20 g/day). Three representative commercial wines from the main european producers (Italy, Spain and France), with similar alcohol content and purchased in supermarkets, are being successively supplied. Mice are housed with ad libitum access to food and drink and are monitored daily in strict accordance with European community guidelines 86/609/EEC. The procedures have been approved by the corresponding animal experimentation ethics committee. Body weight is being recorded every 6 weeks and glucose tolerance testing (GTT) has been performed at 6 months. At 9 months, blood biochemical analyzes were performed: albumin, alkaline phosphatase, alt-GPT, AST-got, GGT (liver profile); cholesterol, HDL, TGL, glucose, proteins, phosphorus, creatinine. At the end of the experiment, the surviving mice will be anesthetized with isoflurane and sacrificed to collect tissue samples (heart and ovaries) to analyze oocytes and telomerases. The preliminary results obtained 1 year after the start of the experiment indicate a regular increase in weight in all groups, greater with the fatty diet, without significant differences between water, alcohol and wine within the same diet. No significant differences were observed between the groups either in the liver profile or in the levels of the other parameters analyzed. The GTT indicates that glucose metabolism is also similar in all groups. No significant differences have been observed in mortality, there has only been one death in the standard diet group (ethanol), compared to 7 in the fat group (3, 3, and 1 in the water, wine and ethanol groups, respectively). These results indicate that, after 1 year (equivalent to about 50 years in humans), moderate consumption of wine or alcohol does not influence the health of mice.

Studio sull’effetto del consumo moderato di vino su modelli animali 

Nel 1979 è stata avanzata per la prima volta una correlazione tra il consumo di vino, una dieta ricca in grassi saturi e una bassa mortalità per malattie coronariche, ipotesi nota come “il paradosso francese”. D’altra parte, è stato anche descritto come il consumo di alcol possa aumentare il rischio di cirrosi e di cancro, nonché avere effetti negativi sull’invecchiamento. Tuttavia, tutte e due le ipotesi sono basate su studi epidemiologici che possono essere influenzati da molteplici fattori (posizione geografica, stile di vita, dieta, fumo, livello socioeconomico, ecc.). In ogni caso, nonostante il gran numero di studi effettuati su alcol, vino e salute, sia in vitro che in vivo, a nostra conoscenza ad oggi non è stato pubblicato nessuno studio su modelli animali in relazione al consumo moderato di vino.  L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è di analizzare se il consumo di vino moderato e prolungato nel tempo possa avere qualche effetto sulla salute, con una dieta equilibrata o con una dieta alta in contenuto di grassi (simile a quella consumata nei paesi sviluppati); gli studi sono stati condotti su un modello murino, comunemente utilizzato per studiare gli effetti dell’alcol sulla progressione della malattia epatica alcolica e sull’invecchiamento. Per fare questo, topi femmine di 2 mesi (equivalenti a circa 18 anni in umani) sono stati divisi in 6 gruppi (20 animali/gruppo), 3 alimentati con una dieta standard  e 3 con una dieta grassa, ai quali come bevanda vengono forniti acqua, oppure etanolo  o vino diluiti in acqua ad una concentrazione proporzionale al peso degli animali ed equivalente a quello che è considerato un consumo moderato di alcol nelle donne adulte (20 g/giorno), durante 18 mesi (circa 75 anni in umani). Sono stati utilizzati, uno dopo l’altro alternativamente, tre vini del commercio aventi una gradazione alcolica simile, rappresentativi dei principali produttori europei (Italia, Spagna e Francia).  I topi sono tenuti con accesso ad libitum a cibo e bevande, e monitorati quotidianamente, in stretta conformità con le linee guida della comunità europea 86/609/CEE. Le procedure sono state approvate dal corrispondente comitato etico della sperimentazione animale. Il peso corporeo viene registrato ogni sei settimane, le sperimentazioni sono ancora in corso. Sono stati eseguiti test di tolleranza al glucosio (GTT) dopo 6 mesi e analisi biochimiche nel sangue dopo 9 mesi: albumina, fosfatasi alcalina, ALT-GPT, AST-GOT, GGT (profilo epatico); colesterolo, HDL, TGL, glucosio, proteine, fosforo, creatinina. Alla fine dell’esperimento le cavie sopravvissute verranno anestetizzate con isoflurano e sottoposte ad eutanasia per raccogliere campioni di tessuto (cuore e ovaie) per l’analisi di ovociti e telomerasi.  I risultati preliminari ottenuti ad 1 anno dall’inizio dell’esperimento indicano un aumento di peso regolare in tutti i gruppi, maggiore con la dieta ricca in contenuto di grassi, senza differenze significative tra acqua, alcol e vino all’interno della stessa dieta. Non sono state osservate differenze significative tra i gruppi, né nel profilo epatico né nei livelli degli altri parametri analizzati. Il gtt indica che anche il metabolismo del glucosio è simile in tutti i gruppi. Non sono state osservate differenze significative nella mortalità, si è verificato solo un decesso nel gruppo con dieta standard (etanolo), rispetto a 7 nel gruppo con dieta ricca in contenuto di grassi (3, 3 e 1 nei gruppi acqua, vino ed etanolo, rispettivamente). Questi risultati indicano che, dopo 1 anno (equivalente a circa 50 anni nell’uomo), il consumo moderato di vino o alcol non influenza la salute dei topi.

Efecto del consumo moderado de vino en un modelo animal

En 1979 se propuso la llamada “paradoja francesa”, es decir, una correlación entre el consumo de vino, una dieta rica en grasas saturadas y una baja mortalidad por enfermedades coronarias. Por otro lado, también se ha descrito que el consumo de alcohol tiene efectos negativos sobre el envejecimiento y aumenta el riesgo de cirrosis hepática y cáncer. Sin embargo, ambas hipótesis se basan en estudios poblacionales que pueden presentar distorsiones por múltiples factores (geográficos, dieta, tabaquismo, nivel socioeconómico, etc.). En todo caso, a pesar del gran número de estudios sobre alcohol, vino y salud, tanto in vitro como in vivo, hasta la fecha, que sepamos, no se han publicado estudios en modelos animales en relación al consumo moderado de vino.  Así, el objetivo de este trabajo es analizar si el consumo moderado y prolongado de vino tiene algún efecto sobre la salud, ya sea bajo una dieta equilibrada o una rica en grasas (similar a la que se consume en los países desarrollados), en el modelo murino, comúnmente utilizado para estudiar los efectos del alcohol sobre la progresión de la hepatitis alcohólica y el envejecimiento, entre otros.  Para ello, se dividieron ratonas de 2 meses de edad (equivalente a unos 18 años en humanos) en 6 grupos (20 animales/grupo), 3 alimentados con una dieta estándar y 3 con una dieta grasa, a los que se les está proporcionando agua, o etanol o vino, respectivamente, como bebida durante 18 meses (equivalente a unos 75 años en humanos). Las cantidades de vino o alcohol, diluidas en agua, son proporcionales al peso de las ratonas y a lo que se considera un consumo moderado de alcohol en mujeres adultas (20 g/día). Se están suministrando sucesivamente 3 vinos comerciales, de similar graduación alcohólica y adquiridos en supermercados, representativos de los principales productores europeos (italia, españa y francia). Las ratonas se alojan con acceso ad libitum a comida y bebida, y se controlan diariamente en estricta conformidad con las directrices de la comunidad europea 86/609/CEE. Los procedimientos han sido aprobados por el comité ético de experimentación animal correspondiente.  El peso corporal se registra cada 6 semanas y se han realizado pruebas de tolerancia a la glucosa (GTT) a los 6 meses. A los 9 meses se han realizado análisis bioquímicos en sangre: albúmina, fosfatasa alcalina, ALT-GPT, AST-GOT, GGT (perfil hepático); colesterol, HDL, TGL, glucosa, proteínas, fósforo, creatinina. Al final del experimento las ratonas supervivientes serán anestesiadas con isoflurano y sacrificadas para recolectar muestras de tejidos (corazón y ovarios) para analizar ovocitos y telomerasas. Los resultados preliminares obtenidos 1 año tras el inicio del experimento indican un incremento regular de peso en todos los grupos, mayor con la dieta grasa, sin diferencias significativas entre agua, alcohol y vino dentro de una misma dieta. Tampoco se observan diferencias significativas entre los grupos ni en el perfil hepático, ni en los niveles de los demás parámetros analizados. La GTT indica que la metabolización de la glucosa también es similar en todos los grupos. No se han observado diferencias significativas en la mortalidad, únicamente ha habido una muerte en el grupo de dieta standard (etanol), frente a 7 en el de grasa (3, 3, y 1 en los grupos de agua, vino y etanol, respectivamente). Estos resultados indican que, tras 1 año (equivalente a unos 50 años de edad en humanos), el consumo moderado de vino, o alcohol, no influye en la salud de las ratonas.

Publication date: November 18, 2024

Issue: OIV 2024

Type: Article

Authors

Emilia Garcia-Moruno¹, Ana Blázquez², Nereida Jiménez de Oya², Ana Esteban², Miguel Martín-Acebes², Silvia Motta¹, Antonella Costantini¹, Eva Pericuesta³, Alfonso Gutiérrez-Adán³, Juan-Carlos Saiz²

¹ CREA – Centro di Ricerca Viticoltura ed Enologia (CREA-VE), Via Pietro Micca 35, Asti, Italy
² Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Ctra. Coruña km. 7.5, Madrid, Spain
³ Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Spain

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IVES Conference Series | OIV | OIV 2024

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