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IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 OIV 9 OIV 2024 9 Short communications - Viticulture, table grapes, dried grapes and unfermented grape products 9 Histoire des Vitis depuis leurs origines possibles sur la Pangée jusqu’aux cépages cultivés : un exemple de résilience liée à la biodiversité des espèces

Histoire des Vitis depuis leurs origines possibles sur la Pangée jusqu’aux cépages cultivés : un exemple de résilience liée à la biodiversité des espèces

Résumé

Les premières formes de vie sur Terre étaient des bactéries et des algues bleues unicellulaires, qui ont évolué en plantes terrestres il y a environ 500 millions d’années. Cette évolution a permis aux plantes de développer des mécanismes de survie sur la terre ferme, comme les racines, tiges et feuilles, et de coexister avec d’autres organismes pour la pollinisation et la dispersion des graines. Alfred Wegener a démontré en 1912 que le supercontinent Pangée, formé il y a 270 millions d’années, s’est fragmenté pour donner naissance aux continents actuels. Le genre Vitis, ancêtre des cépages, pourrait dater de l’époque initiale de la Pangée. La paléoclimatologie montre des cycles de glaciations et réchauffements qui ont influencé la distribution des Vitis, certaines espèces trouvant refuge dans des zones plus favorables. L’évolution viticole a aussi été marquée par la confrontation au 19ᵉ siècle avec des parasites américains, comme le phylloxéra, à l’origine d’une crise destructrice, surmontée par des croisements avec des espèces résistantes des États-Unis. Aujourd’hui, la diversité génétique des Vitis est essentielle pour adapter la viticulture à une diminution de l’utilisation des pesticides et aux défis climatiques futurs. Cette histoire des Vitis souligne l’importance de la préservation de la biodiversité pour un avenir durable.

La historia de vitis desde sus probables orígenes en Pangea hasta las variedades de uva cultivadas:  un ejemplo de resiliencia ligada a la biodiversidad de las especies

Las primeras formas de vida en la Tierra fueron las bacterias y las algas unicelulares verde-azuladas, que evolucionaron hasta convertirse en plantas terrestres hace unos 500 millones de años. Esta evolución permitió a las plantas desarrollar mecanismos de supervivencia en tierra, como raíces, tallos y hojas, y coexistir con otros organismos para la polinización y la dispersión de semillas. En 1912, Alfred Wegener demostró que el supercontinente Pangea, que se formó hace 270 millones de años, se fragmentó para dar lugar a los continentes actuales. El género Vitis, antepasado de las variedades de uva, podría remontarse a los primeros tiempos de Pangea. La paleoclimatología muestra ciclos de glaciaciones y calentamiento que influyeron en la distribución de Vitis, y algunas especies encontraron refugio en zonas más favorables. La evolución de la viticultura también estuvo marcada por el enfrentamiento en el siglo XIX con parásitos americanos, como la filoxera, que provocó una crisis destructiva, superada mediante cruces con especies resistentes procedentes de Estados Unidos. Hoy en día, la diversidad genética de Vitis es esencial para adaptar la viticultura a la reducción del uso de pesticidas y a los futuros retos climáticos. Esta historia de Vitis subraya la importancia de preservar la biodiversidad para un futuro sostenible.

The history of Vitis from their possible origins on Pangea to cultivated grape varieties: An example of resilience linked to species biodiversity

The earliest forms of life on Earth were bacteria and unicellular blue-green algae, which evolved into land plants around 500 million years ago. This evolution allowed plants to develop survival mechanisms on land, such as roots, stems, and leaves, and to coexist with other organisms for pollination and seed dispersal. In 1912, Alfred Wegener demonstrated that the supercontinent Pangaea, which formed 270 million years ago, fragmented to give rise to the current continents. The genus Vitis, ancestor of grape varieties, may date back to the early days of Pangaea. Paleoclimatology shows cycles of glaciations and warming that influenced the distribution of Vitis, with some species finding refuge in more favorable areas. The evolution of viticulture was also marked by the confrontation in the 19th century with American parasites, such as phylloxera, which caused a destructive crisis, overcome by crossing with resistant species from the United States. Today, the genetic diversity of Vitis is essential for adapting viticulture to a reduction in pesticide use and future climate challenges. This history of Vitis underscores the importance of preserving biodiversity for a sustainable future.

DOI:

Publication date: November 18, 2024

Issue: OIV 2024

Type: Article

Authors

Joël Rochard¹

¹ Vitisplanet – 14 Rue de l’Hôtel de Ville, Bouilly, France

Contact the author*

Tags

Full papers OIV 2024 | IVES Conference Series | OIV | OIV 2024

Citation

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