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IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 OIV 9 OIV 2024 9 Short communications - Oenology, methods of analysis 9 Assessment of antimicrobial effect of chitosan extracted from different sources against unwanted wine microorganisms

Assessment of antimicrobial effect of chitosan extracted from different sources against unwanted wine microorganisms

Abstract

During wine production process high attention to the microbiological control from fermentation of the grape must to bottling is necessary. In fact, control of the indigenous microflora of the grape ensures correct fermentation activity of the inoculated starter, while control of the microorganisms in the finished wine is essential to prevent wine spoilage and to ensure the dominance of the desired bacteria when malolactic fermentation is required (mas and portillo, 2022). Microbial contamination mainly concerns the presence of acetic acid bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and spoilage yeasts, such as candida, pichia, zygosaccharomyces, brettanomyces genera, whose metabolism can lead to sensory defects in wine, with economic losses. To date, the most widely used antimicrobial compound in oenology is sulphur dioxide (so2), due to its broad spectrum of action, which also includes the control of oxidation phenomena. However, in consequence of problems associated with so2 use, such as sensory defects due to excessive doses, and the human health problems of sulphites ingestion in sensitive individuals, the market is increasingly requiring a reduction in the use of this compound. In addition, it has to be considered the so2 resistance in some undesirable microorganisms, as is the case for brettanomyces spp. (vigentini et al., 2013). Research investigates different methods to meet consumer demand for wines with reduced sulphite content, and several alternatives have been proposed and approved (tedesco et al., 2022). Among these, chitosan has been accepted for different purposes, including the control of brettanomyces yeasts, as several studies have confirmed good efficacy. However, the mechanism of antimicrobial action of chitosan is not yet well understood. Several hypotheses have been proposed and the most accredited is an electrostatic interaction between the negative charges of the microbial cell wall and the positive charges of chitosan molecules, although the chitosan efficacy is related to its molecular weight and degree of deacetylation (verlee et al., 2017). In this study, it was investigated the antimicrobial action against brettanomyces bruxellensis and other non-saccharomyces yeasts, of chitosan extracted from three different sources, which were shrimps (commercial chitosan), aspergillus niger (chitosan approved for oenological use) and the insect hermetia illucens (a new source, poorly investigated until now). During this study, the effect of the different chitosans on the yeasts was assayed by flow cytometry, using various markers that provide information on cell viability, damage and polarisation at the cellular membrane level. The obtained results showed differences in the antimicrobial action related to the chitosan source and the different yeast species, in particular insect-based chitosan resulted very active against b. Bruxellensis. Further research steps will be addressed to evaluate the effect of the insect-based chitosan directly in the wine artificially contaminated with b. Bruxellensis in order to explore the potential use of this innovative chitosan source during the wine aging in barrels. 

References: -Mas, A.; Portillo, M.C. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2022, 367, 109592. -Vigentini, I.; Lucy Joseph, C.M.; Picozzi, C.; Foschino, R.; Bisson, L.F. (2013). Fems Yeast Res. 2013, 13(7), 597-608. -Tedesco, F.; Siesto, G.; Pietrafesa, R.; Romano, P.; Salvia, R.; Scieuzo, C.; Falabella, P.; Capece, A. Beverages 2022, 8, 58. -Verlee, A.; Mincke, S.; Stevens, C.V. Carbohydr. Polym. 2017, 164, 268–283.

Évaluation de l’effet antimicrobien du chitosane extrait de différentes sources contre les micro-organismes indésirables du vin

au cours du processus de vinification, il est nécessaire d’accorder une grande attention au contrôle microbiologique, depuis la fermentation du moût de raisin jusqu’à la mise en bouteille. en effet, le contrôle de la microflore indigène du raisin garantit une activité fermentaire correcte du starter inoculé, tandis que le contrôle des micro-organismes dans le vin fini est essentiel pour éviter l’altération du vin et pour garantir la dominance des bactéries souhaitées lorsque la fermentation malolactique est requise (Mas et Portillo, 2022). la contamination microbienne concerne principalement la présence de bactéries acétiques, de bactéries lactiques et de levures d’altération, telles que les genres candida, pichia, zygosaccharomyces, brettanomyces, dont le métabolisme peut entraîner des défauts sensoriels dans le vin et engendrer des pertes économiques. à ce jour, le composé antimicrobien le plus utilisé en œnologie est le dioxyde de soufre (SO2), en raison de son large spectre d’action, qui inclut également le contrôle des phénomènes d’oxydation. toutefois, en raison des problèmes liés à l’utilisation du so2, tels que les défauts sensoriels dus à des doses excessives et les problèmes de santé humaine liés à l’ingestion de sulfites chez les personnes sensibles, le marché exige de plus en plus une réduction de l’utilisation de ce composé. en outre, il faut tenir compte de la résistance au so2 de certains micro-organismes indésirables, comme c’est le cas pour brettanomyces spp. (Vigentini et al., 2013). la recherche étudie différentes méthodes pour répondre à la demande des consommateurs pour des vins à teneur réduite en sulfites, et plusieurs alternatives ont été proposées et approuvées (Tedesco et al., 2022). parmi celles-ci, le chitosane a été accepté à différentes fins, notamment pour lutter contre les levures brettanomyces. en effet, plusieurs études ont confirmé l’efficacité du chitosane. toutefois, le mécanisme d’action antimicrobien du chitosane n’est pas encore bien compris. plusieurs hypothèses ont été proposées et la plus accréditée est une interaction électrostatique entre les charges négatives de la paroi cellulaire microbienne et les charges positives des molécules de chitosane, bien que l’efficacité du chitosane soit liée à son poids moléculaire et à son degré de désacétylation (Verlee et al., 2017). dans cette étude, l’action antimicrobienne contre brettanomyces bruxellensis et d’autres levures non-saccharomyces, du chitosane extrait de trois sources différentes, à savoir les crevettes (chitosane commercial), aspergillus niger (chitosane approuvé pour un usage œnologique) et l’insecte hermetia illucens (une nouvelle source, peu étudiée jusqu’à présent), a été étudiée.  au cours de cette étude, l’effet des différents chitosanes sur les levures a été évalué par cytométrie de flux, en utilisant divers marqueurs qui fournissent des informations sur la viabilité cellulaire, les dommages et la polarisation au niveau de la membrane cellulaire. les résultats obtenus ont montré des différences dans l’action antimicrobienne liée à la source de chitosane et aux différentes espèces de levures, en particulier, le chitosane à base d’insectes s’est avéré très actif contre b. bruxellensis. par la suite d’autres recherches seront menées pour évaluer l’effet du chitosane à base d’insectes directement dans le vin artificiellement contaminé par b. bruxellensis, afin d’explorer l’utilisation potentielle de cette source innovante de chitosane pendant le vieillissement du vin en barriques.

Valutazione dell’effetto antimicrobico del chitosano estratto da diverse fonti contro i microrganismi indesiderati del vino

Durante il processo di produzione del vino grande attenzione deve essere rivolta al controllo microbiologico, partendo dalla fermentazione del mosto d’uva fino all’imbottigliamento. Infatti, il controllo della microflora indigena dell’uva assicura l’attività fermentativa dello starter inoculato, mentre il controllo dei microrganismi nel vino finito è essenziale per prevenire l’alterazione del vino e per assicurare la dominanza dei batteri desiderati, quando la fermentazione malolattica è desiderata (Mas e Portillo, 2022). La contaminazione microbica è legata principalmente alla presenza di batteri acetici, batteri lattici e lieviti contaminanti, come candida, pichia, zygosaccharomyces, brettanomyces, il cui metabolismo può portare a difetti sensoriali nel vino, con conseguenti perdite economiche. Ad oggi, il composto antimicrobico più utilizzato in enologia è l’anidride solforosa (so2), grazie al suo ampio spettro d’azione, che comprende anche il controllo dei fenomeni ossidativi. Tuttavia, a causa dei problemi associati all’uso della SO2, come i difetti sensoriali dovuti a dosi eccessive, e i problemi salutistici legati all’ingestione di solfiti in soggetti sensibili, il mercato richiede sempre più spesso una riduzione dell’uso di questo composto. Inoltre, va considerata la resistenza alla so2 di alcuni microrganismi indesiderati, tra cui le diverse specie di brettanomyces spp. (Vigentini et al., 2013). L’attività di ricerca è indirizzata allo studio di metodologie che possano soddisfare la domanda dei consumatori di vini a ridotto contenuto di solfiti e sono state proposte e approvate diverse alternative (Tedesco et al., 2022). Tra queste, l’uso del chitosano è stato proposto per diversi scopi, tra cui il controllo dei lieviti brettanomyces, dato che diversi studi hanno confermato una buona efficacia. Tuttavia, il meccanismo di azione antimicrobica del chitosano non è ancora del tutto chiarito. Sono state proposte diverse ipotesi e la più accreditata è un’interazione elettrostatica tra le cariche negative della parete cellulare microbica e le cariche positive delle molecole di chitosano, anche se l’efficacia del chitosano è correlata al suo peso molecolare e al grado di deacetilazione (Verlee et al., 2017). In questo studio è stata analizzata l’azione antimicrobica nei confronti di brettanomyces bruxellensis e altri lieviti non-saccharomyces, del chitosano estratto da tre diverse fonti, che erano gamberetti (chitosano commerciale), aspergillus niger (chitosano approvato per uso enologico) e l’insetto hermetia illucens (una nuova fonte, finora poco studiata). Nel corso di questo studio, l’effetto dei diversi chitosani sui lieviti è stato valutato mediante citometria a flusso, utilizzando vari marcatori che forniscono informazioni sulla vitalità cellulare, sulla tipologia di danno e sulla polarizzazione a livello di membrana cellulare. I risultati ottenuti hanno mostrato differenze nell’azione antimicrobica in relazione alla fonte di chitosano e alle diverse specie di lievito, in particolare il chitosano da insetti è risultato molto attivo contro b. Bruxellensis. Ulteriori fasi di ricerca saranno indirizzate a valutare l’effetto del chitosano da insetti direttamente nel vino contaminato artificialmente da B. Bruxellensis, al fine di esplorare il potenziale uso di questa innovativa fonte di chitosano durante l’invecchiamento del vino in barrique.

Publication date: November 18, 2024

Issue: OIV 2024

Type: Article

Authors

Francesco Tedesco¹, Anna Guarnieri², Isabella Pisano³, Antonino Biundo³, Alexandre Hervé⁴, Chloé Abry⁴, Angela Capece¹

¹ Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza, Italy
² Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Dipartimento di Scienze, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza, Italy
³ Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Ambiente, Via E. Orabona 4, Bari, Italy
⁴ Université de Bourgogne, UMR PAM, Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin Jules Guyot, Rue Claude Ladrey, Dijon, France

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IVES Conference Series | OIV | OIV 2024

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