A general phenological model for characterising grape vine flowering and véraison

The region of viticultural production near Pinto Bandeira, Brazil, is being studied to define typical characteristics of wines locally produced.

Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of drought periods leading to significant impacts on agro‐economic activities

Organic viticulture requires copper based treatments for bunch protection even though an intensive employment is no longer admitted because of its low leaching and phytotoxicity in the soil. UE Reg. 1981/2018 set copper employment to 4 kg/ha for year or 28 during 7 years with an absolute level allowed of 6 Kg/ha although those limits were decreased frequently.

The components and methodology for characterization of the terroir have been described by Gómez-Miguel & Sotés (1993-2014, 2003) and Gómez-Miguel (2011) taking into account the full range of environmental factors (i.e: climate, lithology, vegetation, topography, soils, altitude, etc.), landscape variables (derived from photo-interpretation and a digital elevation model), and specific variables to the country’s viticulture (i.e: size and distribution of the vineyards, varieties, phenology, productivity, quality, designation regulations, etc.).

Spring freeze events threaten grape production globally. As grape buds emerge from dormancy in spring, freezing temperatures have the potential to damage green tissues, decreasing yield potential and compromising fruit quality by harvest.