Terroir 2004 banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 A worldwide perspective on viticultural zoning

A worldwide perspective on viticultural zoning

Abstract

[English version below]

Cet article répertorie les intérêts et problèmes du zonage viticole dans une perspective mondiale. Le zonage est un besoin pour chacun des vignobles mondiaux où il correspond à des applications, définitions et approches variées. Les objectifs du zonage changent de concert avec les besoins du marché mondial du vin, qui ne cesse de croître. De plus en plus de régions et de pays viticoles sont impliqués dans les études de zonage, et bien qu’un grand nombre des travaux correspondants aient été initiés en Europe, les besoins en zonage vont bien au delà des pays dotés d’une longue histoire viticole. La délimitation des Appellations d’Origine Contrôlée ou des indications géographiques protégées est l’un des objectifs, parmi tous ceux du zonage, le plus patent, qui remonte à la fin du XIXe siècle en Europe, et concerne à présent les pays les plus récemment viticoles. D’autres objectifs importants, non nécessairement reliés aux opérations de délimitation, consistent en la segmentation d’un territoire viticole en portions homogènes susceptibles de coïncider avec la gestion des maladies, le remembrement, la restructuration du vignoble, la gestion de la qualité des vendanges, ou encore le choix de sites nouveaux pour l’implantation de vignobles.
Les unités homogènes obtenues à travers le zonage viticole sont fréquemment désignées sous le nom de « terroirs », néanmoins leurs échelon spatial, caractéristiques, matériels et méthodes d’obtention diffèrent notablement selon les auteurs et les régions viticoles, ce qui rend les comparaisons inaisées entre les zonages au niveau mondial. Le zonage viticole peut en réalité être dissocié en 2 principaux groupes : d’un côté, celui insistant sur la différenciation géographique des vins, des raisins ou de caractéristiques de la plante ; de l’autre, celui focalisé sur la différenciation géographique des aptitudes des terres ou des potentialités viticoles, pour lesquelles le sol et le climat sont le plus souvent invoqués en tant que variables clés, mais avec des significations variées et différents référentiels taxonomiques de sols.
Le zonage viticole n’est pas toujours synonyme de cartographie et d’analyse spatiale : cela est en train de changer à travers l’essor de la géomatique. Les méthodes de cartographie numérique et les techniques de télédétection renouvellent le zonage viticole à tous les échelons, de la parcelle à la région. Les approches de potentialités à l’échelon parcellaire ou local, y compris la viticulture de précision, sont pour la plupart dirigées vers le fonctionnement écophysiologique de la plante. A l’échelon global ou régional, qui recouvre des surfaces plus étendues, ces approches sont surtout focalisées vers la caractérisation des motifs d’organisation spatiale et se heurtent au problème de la mise en relation de ces motifs avec les sites échantillonnés à l’échelon de la parcelle. Les critères d’analyse spatiale, incluant le champ spatial, la résolution, l’échelle, le schéma d’échantillonnage, de même que les critères de durée, d’outils, de validation, de cépages et de modes de conduite, sont à même de permettre les comparaisons de zonages à l’échelon mondial. Quelques exemples sont donnés dans l’article.

This article reviews viticultural zoning concerns and issues in a worldwide perspective. In every vineyard in the world, zoning is needed and corresponds to varied applications, definitions and approachs. Zoning aims have been changing together with the needs of the ever-expanding international wine market. There are more and more wine-producing regions and countries involved in zoning studies, and although many of the corresponding works were initiated in Europe, zoning needs go far beyond the countries endowed with centuries-old viticultural history. Demarcating registered designations of origin or protected geographical indications is one of the most obvious of all zoning aims, which originates from the XIXth century in Europe, and now addresses most recent wine-growing countries. Other important zoning aims, not necessarily related to demarcating operations, consist in segmentating a vineyard territory into homogeneous units that are likely to be consistent with either pest management, reparcelation, vineyard restructuring operations, grape harvest quality management, or site selection for new vineyards.
The homogeneous units obtained through viticultural zoning are frequently referred to as “terroirs”; however their scale, characteristics, materials and methods may greatly vary depending on authors and vine-growing regions, making international zoning comparisons uneasy. Viticultural zoning can actually be separated into 2 main groups: on the one hand, that insisting on the geographical differentiation of wines, grapes, or plant characteristics; on the other hand, that focused on the geographical differentiation of land capabilities or vineyard suitabilities, for which soil and climate are mostly referred to as key variables, but with varied significations and the use of distinct soil classifications.
Viticultural zoning is not always synonymous with mapping and spatial analysis: this is changing through the enhanced use of geomatics. Digital mapping methods and remote sensing techniques are renewing viticultural zoning at all scales, from plot to region. Suitabilities approaches at the field scale or local level, including precision viticulture, are mostly directed towards the understanding of plant ecophysiological functioning. At the global or regional scale, encompassing wider areas, suitabilities approaches are oriented towards the characterization of land geographical patterns and face the problem of relating these patterns to sample sites described at the field scale. Spatial analysis criteria, including spatial extent, resolution, map scale, sampling design, all together with duration criteria, tools, validation, plant varieties and training systems are likely to enable zoning comparisons at the international level. Some examples are given in this paper.

DOI:

Publication date: January 12, 2022

Issue: Terroir 2004

Type: Article

Authors

Emmanuelle Vaudour

Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon, UMR INRA/INA P-G “Environnement et Grandes Cultures” – Equipe Sol-DMOS, Centre de Grignon BP 01, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France

Contact the author

Keywords

Terroir, viticultural zoning, worldwide perspective, scale

Tags

IVES Conference Series | Terroir 2004

Citation

Related articles…

High pressure homogenization of wine lees. A tool to streamline the management of wine ageing

Aging on lees (AOL) has been used for wine aging for a long time, thanks to its ability to modify wine composition, improving sensory characteristics and stability. However, the prolonged contact with fermentation lees may increase the risk of developing sensory defects, due to the growth of unwanted microorganisms. Furthermore, AOL requires a large amount of work to manage bâtonnage and for topping up the barrels, significantly increasing production costs.

Impact of changes in pruning practices on vine growth and yield

A gradual decline in vineyards has been observed over the past twenty years worldwide. This might be explained by the climate change, practices change or the increase of dieback diseases. To increase the longevity of vines, we studied the impact of different pruning strategies in four adult and four young vineyards located in France and Spain. In France, vineyards were planted with Cabernet franc on 3309C while Spanish trials were planted with Tempranillo grafted on 110R. Vegetative expression, yield, quality of berries and wood vessels conductivity were measured. The distribution of vegetative expression, yield and berry composition between primary and secondary vegetation were quantified. Finally, tomography was used to evaluate the implication of the treatments on sap flows.
First results show that i) the respectful pruning leads to an increase of 30 to 50% more secondary shoots than the aggressive pruning in France and between 15 and 20% in Spain, ii) there is no major effect on the yield over the first two years following the implementation of the new pruning practices, although the proportion of clusters from suckers is higher on the respectful pruning method. On young vines, the development of the trunk according to a respectful pruning leads to a loss of harvest 2 years after planting. This is due to the removal, on the future trunk, of the green suckers which carrying bunches. This operation carried out in spring rather than during winter pruning, would promote a better leaf / fruit balance when the plant comes into production, and could lead to better hydraulic conduction in the vessels of the trunk. Maintaining these trials for several years will provide more robust data to assess the impact of these practices on the vines over the long term.

Protection of grapevines from red blotch by understanding mechanistic basis of its infection

Currently, grapevine is host to a large number of pathogenic agents, including 65 viruses, five viroids and eight phytoplasmas. Needless to say, these pathogens, especially viruses responsible for several ‘infectious degeneration’ or ‘decline’ cause great distress to wine makers and grape growers, let alone the large economic losses incurred by the wine industry. A recent addition to this wide repertoire of grapevine viruses is a new viral disease known as Red Blotch in viticulture parlance. Its causal organism, Grapevine red blotch associated virus (GRBaV), discovered in 2008 is a newly identified virus of grapevines and a putative member of a new genus within the family Geminiviridae.

Attractiveness and sweetness of red wines: Synergies between American oak barrels and mannoproteins

In partnership with a Bordeaux property wanting to improve the quality of its second wine, the effects of two factors, American oak barrels and mannoproteins were studied. Their impact on the attractiveness and sweetness of wines were characterized during two successive vintages (2012 and 2013). Vinification took place with a homogeneous batch of Cabernet Sauvignon. The wine was then divided up into various groups of five barrels of French and American oak, new or reused. Analyses of volatile and non-volatile wood compounds were undertaken at four months and eight months of wood ageing, by LC-MS and GC-MS.

Effect of the addition of peptidic hydrolysates from grape pomace by-products to red wines in warm regions

High temperatures typical of warm climates cause the colour of red wines to become increasingly unstable over time.