Terroir 1996 banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 Caratteristiche fisico-chimiche dei suoli coltivati a vite e loro influenza nella diffusione del mal dell’esca

Caratteristiche fisico-chimiche dei suoli coltivati a vite e loro influenza nella diffusione del mal dell’esca

Abstract

[English version below]

Il mal dell’esca é una malattia della vite della quale sono state studiate sintomatologia, eziologia, patogenesi ed epidemiologia. Essendo una malattia che colpisce soprattutto la parte epigea delle piante, le caratteristiche dei suoli non sono mai state considerate fra le responsabili della sua insorgenza e diffusione. In questo lavoro abbiamo studiato suoli di vigneti in cui il mal dell ‘esca présenta un ‘elevata incidenza e suoli di vigneti dove tale incidenza è scarsa o nulla. Le osservazioni morfologiche ed i risultati analitici indicano che i vigneti più danneggiati dalla malattia sono quelli i cui suoli presentano condizioni idromorfe a minima profondità, fra i 35 ed i 65 cm. Al contrario, i terreni dove l’incidenza é scarsa non presentano segni di idromorfia.
La difficoltà di percolazione, con conseguente instaurarsi di condizioni asfittiche, può essere imputata a due cause: 1) diminuzione di porosità totale negli orizzonti inferiori e 2) preponderante presenza di microporosità dovuta all’eccessivo contenuto di argilla e limo (dal 48 al 76%). Inoltre, l’argilla è costituita da minerali in grado di espandersi in presenza di acqua e, quindi, di rallentare ulteriormente il drenaggio del suolo. Al tri fattori che favoriscono la formazione di orizzonti asfittici sono: 1) i bassi tenori di carbonio organico non sufficienti a prevenire la migrazione dell ‘argilla; 2) la scarsa efficienza delle opere di drenaggio e 3) le lavorazioni meccaniche. Nei suoli ben drenati il contenuto di argilla e limo non supera il 45%, i minerali a reticolo espandibile sono presenti in tracce e, di conseguenza, non vi sono difficoltà di percolazione. Dalle nostre osservazioni risulta quindi che i vigneti maggiormente soggetti al mal dell ‘esca sono quelli che tendono a sviluppare condizioni di scarso drenaggio.

Studies have been conducted on the symptomatology, aetiology, pathogenesis and epidemic of the esca, a disease that affects grapes. Since Esca attacks mostly the above ground parts of the plants, the soil has not been considered relevant in the development and spreading of this disease. In this work we have investigated vineyard soils with a high incidence of esca, and others with a low or no incidence. Our morphological observations and analyses have shown that those vineyard affected by esca also manifest poorly drained conditions at a depth of about 35-65 cm. On the contrary the soils where the occurrence of the disease is less manifested are well drained.
The irnpeded drainage, with the attendant unoxy conditions, can be attributed to two causes: 1) a decreasing porosity in the lower horizons and 2) the prevailing micro porosity due to the high content of clay and silt (from 48 to 76%). Moreover, the clay is made of minerals that, once hydrated, tend to expand, further reducing the porosity and, thus, the drainage. Others factors that additionally cause a deterioration of the drainage are 1) the low organic matter content that prevent aggregation; 2) the inadequate drainage structures and 3) the continuous mechanical operations. In the well-drained soils the clay plus silt content is always less than 45%, the expandable minerals are presence in traces and, hence, there are not limitations to impede the drainage. We conclude that the vineyards more vulnerable to the esca are those painted on soils which tend to develop poorly drained conditions.

DOI:

Publication date: March 2, 2022

Issue: Terroir 1998

Type: Article

Authors

GIUSEPPE CORTI, FIORENZO C. UGOLINI, ROSANNA CUNIGLIO

Dipartimento di Scienza del Suolo e Nutrizione della Pianta
Piazzale delle Cascine, 15 – 50144 Firenze

Tags

IVES Conference Series | Terroir 1998

Citation

Related articles…

Spatiotemporal patterns of chemical attributes in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon vineyards in Central California

Spatial variability of vine productivity in winegrapes is important to characterise as both yield and quality are relevant for the production of different wine styles and products. The objectives were to understand how patterns of variability of Cabernet Sauvignon fruit composition changed over time and space, how these patterns could be characterised with indirect measurements, and how spatial patterns of the variation in fruit compositional attributes can aid in improving management. Prior to the 2017 vintage, 125 data vines were distributed across each of four vineyards in the Lodi American Viticultural Area (AVA) of California. Each data vine was sampled at commercial harvest in 2017, 2018, and 2019. Yield components and fruit composition were measured at harvest for each data vine, and maps of yield and fruit composition were produced for eight ‘objective measures of fruit quality’: total anthocyanins, polymeric tannins, quercetin glycosides, malic acid, yeast assimilable nitrogen, β-damascenone, C6 alcohols and aldehydes, and 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine. Patterns of variation in anthocyanins and phenolic compounds were found to be most stable over time. Given this relative stability, management decisions focused on fruit quality could be based on zonal descriptions of anthocyanins or phenolics to increase profitability in some vineyards. In each vineyard, dormant season pruning weights and soil cores were collected at each location, elevation and soil apparent electrical conductivity surveys were completed, and remotely sensed imagery was captured by fixed wing aircraft and two satellite platforms at major phenological stages. The data collected were used to develop relationships among biophysical data, soil, imagery, and fruit composition. The standardised and aggregated samples from four vineyards over three seasons were included in the estimation of ‘common variograms’ to assess how this technique could aid growers in producing geostatistically rigorous maps of fruit composition variability without cumbersome, single season sampling efforts.

Bioclimatic shifts and land use options for Viticulture in Portugal

Land use, plays a relevant role in the climatic system. It endows means for agriculture practices thus contributing to the food supply. Since climate and land are closely intertwined through multiple interface processes, climate change may lead to significant impacts in land use. In this study, 1-km observational gridded datasets are used to assess changes in the Köppen–Geiger and Worldwide Bioclimatic (WBCS)

How can historical cultivars mitigate the effects of climate change?

IFV, INRAe and the national network “Partenaires de la Sélection Vigne” representing 37 organizations from the different wine regions, have been working increasingly closely over the last 2 decades towards the preservation of the French varietal patrimony. There are approximately 600 patrimonial varieties according to INRAe and SupAgro Montpellier experts, including ancient cultivars (400) and intravarietal crossbreeds obtained since the 19th century. In the context of a drastic reduction in such varieties from the mid 1980’s in favor of mainstream varieties, it was essential to carry out an inventory of old vines and vineyards. INRAe Vassal collection plays a key role here as it holds the largest diversity available, along with a rich bibliography and herbariums, offering us the opportunity to document and double check the identity of a cultivar, consolidating the expertise of ampelographers. The work is carried out in several stages, from verifying the existence of a variety in a small region, through to rehabilitation. During this session, the authors present the process that leads to the official registration of a variety. After this, IFV selection center takes over to initiate the process of selection and propagation. A specific focus within regions such as the Alps, Champagne and the South-West will provide details of the full procedure. Bia, Bouysselet, Chardonnay rose, Mecle and the aptly named Tardif, are some of the cultivars that have followed this procedure. Furthermore, a recent regulation established by INAO on “varieties of interest for adaptation purposes” might boost uptake by growers. Since 2006, 36 historical cultivars have been registered. Most of these have been neglected in the past due to late maturity, lack of sugar and high titratable acidity at harvest time. Such characteristics are today considered as positive qualities, not only in mitigation of the effects of climate change, but also as an opportunity for restoring diversity…

Making sense of available information for climate change adaptation and building resilience into wine production systems across the world

Effects of climate change on viticulture systems and winemaking processes are being felt across the world. The IPCC 6thAssessment Report concluded widespread and rapid changes have occurred, the scale of recent changes being unprecedented over many centuries to many thousands of years. These changes will continue under all emission scenarios considered, including increases in frequency and intensity of hot extremes, heatwaves, heavy precipitation and droughts. Wine companies need tools and models allowing to peer into the future and identify the moment for intervention and measures for mitigation and/or avoidance. Previously, we presented conceptual guidelines for a 5-stage framework for defining adaptation strategies for wine businesses. That framework allows for direct comparison of different solutions to mitigate perceived climate change risks. Recent global climatic evolution and multiple reports of severe events since then (smoke taint, heatwave and droughts, frost, hail and floods, rising sea levels) imply urgency in providing effective tools to tackle the multiple perceived risks. A coordinated drive towards a higher level of resilience is therefore required. Recent publications such as the Australian Wine Future Climate Atlas and results from projects such as H2020 MED-GOLD inform on expected climate change impacts to the wine sector, foreseeing the climate to expect at regional and vineyard scale in coming decades. We present examples of practical application of the Climate Change Adaptation Framework (CCAF) to impacts affecting wine production in two wine regions: Barossa (Australia) and Douro (Portugal). We demonstrate feasibility of the framework for climate adaptation from available data and tools to estimate historical climate-induced profitability loss, to project it in the future and to identify critical moments when disruptions may occur if timely measures are not implemented. Finally, we discuss adaptation measures and respective timeframes for successful mitigation of disruptive risk while enhancing resilience of wine systems.

Short-term relationships between climate and grapevine trunk diseases in southern French vineyards

[lwp_divi_breadcrumbs home_text="IVES" use_before_icon="on" before_icon="||divi||400" module_id="publication-ariane" _builder_version="4.19.4" _module_preset="default" module_text_align="center" module_font_size="16px" text_orientation="center"...