Terroir 1996 banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 Caratteristiche fisico-chimiche dei suoli coltivati a vite e loro influenza nella diffusione del mal dell’esca

Caratteristiche fisico-chimiche dei suoli coltivati a vite e loro influenza nella diffusione del mal dell’esca

Abstract

[English version below]

Il mal dell’esca é una malattia della vite della quale sono state studiate sintomatologia, eziologia, patogenesi ed epidemiologia. Essendo una malattia che colpisce soprattutto la parte epigea delle piante, le caratteristiche dei suoli non sono mai state considerate fra le responsabili della sua insorgenza e diffusione. In questo lavoro abbiamo studiato suoli di vigneti in cui il mal dell ‘esca présenta un ‘elevata incidenza e suoli di vigneti dove tale incidenza è scarsa o nulla. Le osservazioni morfologiche ed i risultati analitici indicano che i vigneti più danneggiati dalla malattia sono quelli i cui suoli presentano condizioni idromorfe a minima profondità, fra i 35 ed i 65 cm. Al contrario, i terreni dove l’incidenza é scarsa non presentano segni di idromorfia.
La difficoltà di percolazione, con conseguente instaurarsi di condizioni asfittiche, può essere imputata a due cause: 1) diminuzione di porosità totale negli orizzonti inferiori e 2) preponderante presenza di microporosità dovuta all’eccessivo contenuto di argilla e limo (dal 48 al 76%). Inoltre, l’argilla è costituita da minerali in grado di espandersi in presenza di acqua e, quindi, di rallentare ulteriormente il drenaggio del suolo. Al tri fattori che favoriscono la formazione di orizzonti asfittici sono: 1) i bassi tenori di carbonio organico non sufficienti a prevenire la migrazione dell ‘argilla; 2) la scarsa efficienza delle opere di drenaggio e 3) le lavorazioni meccaniche. Nei suoli ben drenati il contenuto di argilla e limo non supera il 45%, i minerali a reticolo espandibile sono presenti in tracce e, di conseguenza, non vi sono difficoltà di percolazione. Dalle nostre osservazioni risulta quindi che i vigneti maggiormente soggetti al mal dell ‘esca sono quelli che tendono a sviluppare condizioni di scarso drenaggio.

Studies have been conducted on the symptomatology, aetiology, pathogenesis and epidemic of the esca, a disease that affects grapes. Since Esca attacks mostly the above ground parts of the plants, the soil has not been considered relevant in the development and spreading of this disease. In this work we have investigated vineyard soils with a high incidence of esca, and others with a low or no incidence. Our morphological observations and analyses have shown that those vineyard affected by esca also manifest poorly drained conditions at a depth of about 35-65 cm. On the contrary the soils where the occurrence of the disease is less manifested are well drained.
The irnpeded drainage, with the attendant unoxy conditions, can be attributed to two causes: 1) a decreasing porosity in the lower horizons and 2) the prevailing micro porosity due to the high content of clay and silt (from 48 to 76%). Moreover, the clay is made of minerals that, once hydrated, tend to expand, further reducing the porosity and, thus, the drainage. Others factors that additionally cause a deterioration of the drainage are 1) the low organic matter content that prevent aggregation; 2) the inadequate drainage structures and 3) the continuous mechanical operations. In the well-drained soils the clay plus silt content is always less than 45%, the expandable minerals are presence in traces and, hence, there are not limitations to impede the drainage. We conclude that the vineyards more vulnerable to the esca are those painted on soils which tend to develop poorly drained conditions.

DOI:

Publication date: March 2, 2022

Issue: Terroir 1998

Type: Article

Authors

GIUSEPPE CORTI, FIORENZO C. UGOLINI, ROSANNA CUNIGLIO

Dipartimento di Scienza del Suolo e Nutrizione della Pianta
Piazzale delle Cascine, 15 – 50144 Firenze

Tags

IVES Conference Series | Terroir 1998

Citation

Related articles…

Mobile device to induce heat-stress on grapevine berries

Studying heat stress response of grapevine berries in the field often relies on weather conditions during the growing season. We constructed a mobile heating device, able to induce controlled heat stress on grapes in vineyards. The heater consisted of six 150 W infrared lamps mounted in a profile frame. Heating power of the lamps could be controlled individually by a control unit consisting of a single board computer and six temperature sensors to reach a pre-set temperature. The heat energy applied to individual berries within a cluster decreases by the squared distance to the heat source, enabling the establishment of temperature profiles within individual clusters. These profiles can be measured by infrared thermography once a steady state has been reached. Radiant flux density received by a berry depending on the distance was calculated based on a view factor and measured lamp surface temperature and resulted to 665 Wm-2 at 7cm. Infrared thermography of the fruit surface was in good agreement with measurements conducted with a thermocouple inserted at epidermis level. In combination with infrared thermography, the presented device offers possibilities for a wide range of applications like phenotyping for heat tolerance in the field to proceed in the understanding of the complex response of plants to heat stress. Sunburn necrosis symptoms were artificially induced with the aid of the device for cv. Bacchus and cv. Sylvaner in the 2020 and 2021 growing season. Threshold temperatures for sunburn induction (LT5030min) were derived from temperature data of single berries and visual sunburn assessment, applying logistic regression. A comparison of threshold temperatures for the occurrence of sunburn necrosis confirmed the higher susceptibility of cv. Bacchus. The lower susceptibility of cv. Sylvaner did not seem to be related to its phenolic composition, rendering a thermoprotective role of berry phenolic compounds unlikely.

A predictive model of spatial Eca variability in the vineyard to support the monitoring of plant status

[lwp_divi_breadcrumbs home_text="IVES" use_before_icon="on" before_icon="||divi||400" module_id="publication-ariane" _builder_version="4.19.4" _module_preset="default" module_text_align="center" module_font_size="16px" text_orientation="center"...

Soil quality in Beaujolais vineyard. Importance of pedology and cultural practices

A pedological study was carried out from 2009 to 2017 in Beaujolais vineyard, to improve physical and chemical knowledge of soils. It was completed in 2016 and 2017 by the current study, dealing with microbial aspects, in order to build a reference frame for improved advice in soil management. Microbial biomass was measured on representative plots of the six most common soil types identified in Beaujolais and, for each soil type, on plots with different levels of the main impacting parameters: total organic carbon, pH, cation exchange capacity, extractable copper. A total of 59 soil samples were collected. Confirming the results of various trials carried out in Beaujolais over the past 20 years, the results of the present study showed that the soils were still alive, but exhibited a large variability of biological parameters, which appeared dependant on both pedological and anthropic factors. Therefore, a good interpretation of biological parameters and advice for vine growers must rely on a pedologically-based referential with differentiated main driving factors. For example, the control of pH is of primary importance in granitic soils and in no way organic matter addition can improve soil quality if pH is too low. Conversely, in calcareous soils, biological parameters are more directly affected by direct or indirect (cover crops for example) inputs of organic matter. The use of biological parameters, such as microbial biomass, is of great potential value to improve advice on agro-viticultural practices (soil management, fertilization, liming, etc.), basis of a sustainable wine production on fragile soils.

The impact of sustainable management regimes on amino acid profiles in grape juice, grape skin flavonoids, and hydroxycinnamic acids

One of the biggest challenges of agriculture today is maintaining food safety and food quality while providing ecosystem services such as biodiversity conservation, pest and disease control, ensuring water quality and supply, and climate regulation. Organic farming was shown to promote biodiversity and carbon sequestration, and is therefore seen as one possibility of environmentally friendly production. Consumers expect organically grown crops to be free from chemical pesticides and mineral fertilizers and often presume that the quality of organically grown crops is different or higher compared to conventionally grown crops. Integrated, organic, and biodynamic viticulture were compared in a replicated field trial in Geisenheim, Germany (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Riesling). Amino acid profiles in juice, grape skin flavonoids, and hydroxycinnamic acids were monitored over three consecutive seasons beginning 7 years after conversion to organic and biodynamic viticulture, respectively. In addition, parameters such as soil nutrient status, yield, vigor, canopy temperature, and water stress were monitored to draw conclusions on reasons for the observed changes. Results revealed that the different sustainable management regimes highly differed in their amino acid profiles in juice and also in their skin flavonol content, whereas differences in the flavanol and hydroxycinnamic acid content were less pronounced. It is very likely that differences in nutrient status and yield determined amino acid profiles in juice, although all three systems showed similar amounts of mineralized nitrogen in the soil. Canopy structure and temperature in the bunch zone did not differ among treatments and therefore cannot account for the observed differences in favonols. A different light exposure of the bunches in the respective systems due to differences in vigor together with differences in berry size and a different water status of the vines might rather be responsible for the increase in flavonol content under organic and biodynamic viticulture.

Grapevine xylem embolism resistance spectrum reveals which varieties have a lower mortality risk in a future dry climate

Wine growing regions have recently faced intense and frequent droughts that have led to substantial economical losses, and the maintenance of grapevine productivity under warmer and drier climate will rely notably on planting drought-resistant cultivars. Given that plant growth and yield depend on water transport efficiency and maintenance of photosynthesis, thus on the preservation of the vascular system integrity during drought, a better understanding of drought-related hydraulic traits that have a significant impact on physiological processes is urgently needed. We have worked towards this end by assessing vulnerability to xylem embolism in 30 grapevine commercial varieties encompassing red and white Vitis vinifera varieties, hybrid varieties characterized by a polygenic resistance for powdery and downy mildew, and commonly used rootstocks. These analyses further allowed a global assessment of wine regions with respect to their varietal diversity and resulting vulnerability to stem embolism. Hybrid cultivars displayed the highest vulnerability to embolism, while rootstocks showed the greatest resistance. Significant variability also arose among Vitis vinifera varieties, with Ψ12 and Ψ50 values ranging from -0.4 to -2.7 MPa and from -1.8 to -3.4 MPa, respectively. Cabernet franc, Chardonnay and Ugni blanc featured among the most vulnerable varieties while Pinot noir, Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon ranked among the most resistant. In consequence, wine regions bearing a significant proportion of vulnerable varieties, such as Poitou-Charentes, France and Marlborough, New Zealand, turned out to be at greater risk under drought. These results highlight that grapevine varieties may not respond equally to warmer and drier conditions, outlining the importance to consider hydraulic traits associated with plant drought tolerance into breeding programmes and modeling simulations of grapevine yield maintenance under severe drought. They finally represent a step forward to advise the wine industry about which varieties and regions would have the lowest risk of drought-induced mortality under climate change.