Genetic resources as a foundation for more successful viticulture: A case study of indigenous grapevine variety revitalization in Croatia

Abstract

Over the past 30 years, systematic ampelographic and genetic research in Croatia has led to the identification and collection of approximately 130 grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) considered to be indigenous. Many of these genotypes were rediscovered in extremely limited numbers—sometimes as single remaining vines in old, abandoned vineyards.

While the initial focus was on preserving biodiversity and preventing genetic erosion, subsequent evaluation has revealed the immense economic and viticultural value of some genotypes. This paper argues that many autochthonous varieties were historically marginalized due to phytosanitary issues or changing agricultural/market trends, despite their high enological potential.

The study presents the successful revitalization models of three key cultivars: Tribidrag (syn. Crljenak kaštelanski, Zinfandel), Malvasija dubrovačka bijela (syn. Malvasia delle Lipari), and Belina starohrvatska (syn. Heunisch Weiss). Through these case studies, we demonstrate how scientific efforts—ranging from DNAidentification and parentage analysis to clonal and sanitary selection—have transformed “forgotten” genotypes into commercially successful pillars of regional wine economies.

The results show that the revitalization of these varieties has enabled winemakers to differentiate their products in a globalized market, increase profitability through “premium” branding, and utilize genotypes naturally adapted to local terroirs. Furthermore, in a country like Croatia, dominated by small-scale family wineries and a thriving tourism sector, story-driven wines based on unique genetic heritage offer a crucial competitive advantage. This Croatian model serves as a proof of concept that investing in the preservation of old and rare genetic resources is not merely a matter of heritage, but a strategic tool for building a more competitive, authentic, and sustainable modern viticulture.