Terroir 2004 banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 The use of remote sensing for intra-block vineyard management

The use of remote sensing for intra-block vineyard management

Abstract

[English version below]

L’unité de gestion technique d’un vignoble est aujourd’hui la parcelle. Néanmoins, au sein d’une même parcelle, la variabilité de l’expression végétative et de la constitution des raisins à maturité, peut être grande, en particulier à cause d’une hétérogénéité du sol. Dans une parcelle expérimentale, la surface foliaire a été deux fois plus élevée sur les placettes de forte vigueur par rapport à celles de faible vigueur. Le taux de sucres des baies a varié de 205 à 235 g/ L. Cette variabilité devrait être prise en compte dans une gestion optimale du vignoble. Des images ont été obtenues par la télédétection à haute résolution, dont les pixels représentent 100 à 200 cm2 de surface au sol. Des pixels contenant seulement de l’information du feuillage ont alors pu être isolés de l’image. A partir des données spectrales contenues dans ces photos, un indice de végétation appelé « NDVI » (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) peut être construit pour caractériser la vigueur de la vigne. Des zones de vigueur variable ont été identifiées au sein d’une parcelle. La similitude entre les cartes du NDVI et des variables d’expression de la vigueur, démontre la faisabilité de cartographier la vigueur à l’aide du NDVI obtenu par télédétection haute résolution, et ainsi permettre d’expliquer les variations de certains paramètres qualitatifs de la vendange qui en découlent.

In vineyard management, the technical work unit is now the block. However, considerable variability can exist inside a block with regard to vegetative growth and fruit composition at ripeness, because of soil heterogeneity. In this research, vine characteristics were measured on 96 plots of a block of 0,3 ha. Leaf area was two times greater on the plots with the highest vigour compared to the leaf area on the plots with the lowest vigour. Berry sugar content varied from 205 to 235 g/L. Optimised vineyard management should take in account this variability. Variations in soil (depth, texture) can be surveyed by soil sampling and mapped. They can also be assessed more rapidly and more precisely by geophysics, a technique based on variations in soil resistance to electric current. Vine behaviour can be measured by means of physiological indicators: N-tester for vine nitrogen status, leaf water potential and carbon isotope discrimination (δ13C) for vine water status. To represent spatial variability of physiological parameters, repeated measurements are necessary on a great number of plots inside a block, making this approach very time and money consuming. Remote sensing can be considered as an interesting alternative way to map intra-block heterogeneity. In satellite pictures, one pixel represents more than one square meter on the soil. Because a vine row rarely exceeds 60 cm in width, these pixels contain both information from the vine canopy and from the soil, making them difficult to interpret. In high resolution remote sensing, pictures are taken at an altitude of approximately 300 meters. Pixels represent 100 to 200 square centimeters on the soil. Pixels containing only information from the canopy can thus be extracted from the picture. On these photographs, vine vigour can be characterised by transforming spectral data from the canopy into a vegetation index, for instance “NDVI” (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). This approach was used in this study. Zones of variable vine vigour were identified inside a block. The high correlation between NDVI and vigour parameters demonstrates the possibility to map the vigour with the NDVI by means of high resolution remote sensing, and consequently to explain the variations of linked quality factors.

DOI:

Publication date: January 12, 2022

Issue: Terroir 2004

Type: Article

Authors

E. Marguerit (1), J.-P. Goutouly (2), C. Azais (1), S. Merino (1), J.-P. Roby (1), C. Van Leeuwen (1)

(1) ENITA de Bordeaux-UMR Œnologie Ampélologie, 1 Crs du Général de Gaulle, BP 201, 33 175 Gradignan-cedex, France
(2) INRA-UMR Œnologie Ampélologie, ECAV, 71, av. Edouard-Bourlaux, BP 81, 33 883 Villenave d’Ornon Cedex

Contact the author

Tags

IVES Conference Series | Terroir 2004

Citation

Related articles…

Grape berry size is a key factor in determining New Zealand Pinot noir wine composition

Making high quality but affordable Pinot noir (PN) wine is challenging in most terroirs and New Zealand’s (NZ) situation is no exception. To increase the probability of making highly typical PN wines producers choose to grow grapes in cool climates on lower fertility soils while adopting labour intensive practices. Stringent yield targets and higher input costs necessarily mean that PN wine cost is high, and profitability lower, in line-priced varietal wine ranges. To understand the reasons why higher yielding vines are perceived to produce wines of lower quality we have undertaken an extensive study of PN in NZ. Since 2018, we established a network of twelve trial sites in three NZ regions to find individual vines that produced acceptable commercial yields (above 2.5kg per vine) and wines of composition comparable to “Icon” labels. Approximately 20% of 660 grape lots (N = 135) were selected from within a narrow juice Total Soluble Solids (TSS) range and made into single vine wines under controlled conditions. Principal Component Analysis of the vine, berry, juice and wine parameters from three vintages found grape berry mass to be most effective clustering variable. As berry mass category decreased there was a systematic increase in the probability of higher berry red colour and total phenolics with a parallel increase in wine phenolics, changed aroma fraction and decreased juice amino acids. The influence of berry size on wine composition would appear stronger than the individual effects of vintage, region, vineyard or vine yield. Our observations support the hypothesis that it is possible to produce PN wines that fall within an “Icon” benchmark composition range at yields above 2.5kg per vine provided that the Leaf Area:Fruit Weight ratio is above 12cm2 per g, mean berry mass is below 1.2g and juice TSS is above 22°Brix.

Population-wide diversity study in Lachancea thermotolerans highlights superior starters for winemaking

Grapes from warm(ing) climates often contain excessive sugars but lack acidity. This can lead to highly alcoholic wines with compromised stability and balance. The yeast Lachancea thermotolerans can ameliorate such wines due to its metabolic peculiarity – partial fermentation of sugars to lactic acid. This study aimed to elucidate the population-wide diversity in L. thermotolerans, whilst selecting superior strains for wine sector. An extensive collection of isolates (~200) sourced from different habitats worldwide was first genotyped on 14 microsatellite loci. This revealed differentiation of L. thermotolerans genetic groups based on the isolation substrate and geography. The 94 genotyped strains were then characterised in Vitis vinifera cv. Chardonnay fermentations.

Using GIS to assess the terroir potential of an Oregon viticultural region

Deciding to grow grapes in Oregon is complex issue due to our diverse geography, climate, and relatively short history of grape growing. For any potential grape grower, vineyard site selection is the single most important decision they will face.

Staying hydrated – not easy when it’s hot!

Heat and drought episodes during the growing season are becoming more frequent and more severe in many of the world’s grape‐growing regions

Time vs drought: leaf age rather than drought drives osmotic adjustment in V. vinifera cv. Pinot Noir

Global warming and increased frequency and/or severity of drought events are among the most threatening consequences of climate change for agricultural crops. In response to drought, grapevine (as many other plants) exhibits osmotic adjustment through active accumulation of osmolytes which in turn shift the leaf turgor loss point (TLP) to more negative values, allowing to maintain stomata opened at lower water potentials1. We investigated the capacity of Pinot noir leaves to modulate their osmotic potential as a function of: (i) time (seasonal osmoregulation), (ii) growing temperatures, and (iii) drought events, to enhance comprehension of the resilience of grapevines in drought conditions. We performed trails under semi-controlled field conditions, and in two different greenhouse chambers (20/15 °C vs 25/20 °C day/night). For two consecutive vegetative seasons, grafted potted grapevines (Pinot noir/SO4) were subjected to two different water regimes for at least 30 days: well-watered (WW) and water deficit (WD).