Terroir 2004 banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 Shoot heterogeneity effects in a Shiraz/R99 vineyard

Shoot heterogeneity effects in a Shiraz/R99 vineyard

Abstract

[English version below]

Nous avons fait des recherches sur l’effet de l’hétérogénéité des bourgeons sur les paramètres de la croissance végétative et reproductive, la physiologie de la vigne et la composition du raisin dans une parcelle de Shiraz/Richter 99. Des bourgeons sous-développés (typiquement plus courts et moins mûrs à la véraison) ont été comparés avec des bourgeons normaux dans un couvert ombragé ou exposé à la lumière. Comparés aux bourgeons sous-développés, les normaux ont eu une plus grande surface feullière totale à cause du plus grand nombre de entre-cœurs aussi bien que des feuilles plus grandes portées par les bourgeons principaux et entre-cœurs. Vu que l’activité physiologique des feuilles des bourgeons normaux était supérieure à celle des bourgeons sous-développés, une quantité d’hydrates de carbone supérieure a été produite et mise en réserve par les premiers. L’amidon se distribuait plus régulièrement le long des sarments normaux, plus épais et longs en comparaison avec les sarments sous-développés. Les grappes plus grosses des sarments normaux ont montré que la surface feuillère totale par gramme de raisin était plus favorable. Cinq semaines après la véraison les baies des sarments normaux étaient plus petites que celles des sarments sous-développés, montrant un rapport entre peau et pulpe plus grand et un plus grand potentiel d’extraction des anthocyanes et de phénols pour l’élaboration du vin. L’étrange absence d’une grosse différence de composition du raisin entre les deux types de bourgeons a montré que les assimilés nécessaires pour mûrir les raisins des bourgeons sous-développés dérivent d’autres organes que leurs feuilles [p.ex. des bourgeons normaux adjacents et du reste de la structure permanente de la vigne (le cordon, le tronc, les racines)]. Cette hypothèse est supportée par la différence de dimensions de la baie entre les deux types de bourgeons qui était supérieure à l’ombre par rapport au feuillage exposé à la lumière. L’activité photosynthétique était inférieure à l’ombre que dans le feuillage exposé. La production totale d’hydrates de carbone des bourgeons normaux ombragés apparaissait insuffisante aux besoins de maturation de leurs propres grappes et du bourgeon même aussi bien que pour la maturation du sarment et des grappes des bourgeons sous-développés. Cela était démontré par le niveau d’amidon accumulé dans les sarments normaux, qui était inférieur à l’ombre par rapport aux sarments dans le feuillage exposé. Puisque l’hétérogénéité des bourgeons de la vigne a porté à un déséquilibre physiologique qui peut avoir une influence négative sur la qualité du raisin et du vin aussi bien que sur le coût de production, il faut l’éviter sur tout terroir.

The effect of shoot heterogeneity on vegetative and reproductive growth parameters, vine physiology and grape composition was investigated in a Shiraz/Richter 99 vineyard. Comparisons between underdeveloped (typically shorter and less ripened at véraison) and normally developed shoots in both shaded and well-exposed canopies were made. Compared to underdeveloped shoots, normal shoots had a larger total leaf area, due to the higher occurrence of secondary shoots as well as larger leaves on primary and secondary shoots. Since the physiological activity of the leaves from normal shoots was higher than that from underdeveloped shoots, higher levels of total carbohydrates were produced and stored in the former. Starch was more evenly distributed over the whole shoot length in the longer and thicker normally developed shoots compared to the underdeveloped shoots. The larger clusters of the normally developed shoots were evidence of their more favourable total leaf area per gram berry mass. Berries from the normally developed shoots were smaller at five weeks after véraison than those from underdeveloped shoots, displaying a higher skin to pulp ratio and therefore higher anthocyanin and total phenolic extraction potential for winemaking. The peculiar absence of large differences in grape composition between normally and underdeveloped shoots indicated that assimilates needed for berry ripening of the latter originated in organs other than the leaves [e.g. from adjacent normal shoots and the rest of the permanent structure of the vine (cordon, trunk, roots)]. The larger differences in berry size that occurred between shoot types in the shaded compared to the well-exposed canopies may be evidence for this. The photosynthetic activity of shoots was lower in shaded than in exposed canopies. The total carbohydrate production of the normal shoots in shaded canopies seemed insufficient to supply in the ripening needs of their own clusters and of the shoot itself as well as the ripening of stem tissue and clusters of the underdeveloped shoots in the canopy. This was illustrated by the lower levels of starch that accumulated in the normal shoots from shaded compared to that of exposed canopies. Vine shoot heterogeneity clearly led to visible and physiological imbalances that would impact negatively on grape and wine quality as well as production costs and should therefore be avoided on any terroir.

DOI:

Publication date: January 12, 2022

Issue: Terroir 2004

Type: Article

Authors

H Cloete (1), E Archer (2), V Novello (3) & JJ Hunter (4)

(1) Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Private Bag X1, Matieland, University of Stellenbosch, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
(2) Lusan Premium Wines, PO Box 104, 7599 Stellenbosch
(3) Dipartimento di Colture Arboree, I 10095 Grugliasco
(4) ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, 7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa

Contact the author

Keywords

Shoot heterogeneity, physiology, vegetative growth, reproductive growth, grape composition

Tags

IVES Conference Series | Terroir 2004

Citation

Related articles…

Viticultural zoning in D.O.C. Ribeiro (Galicia, NW Spain)

L’AOC Ribeiro est la plus ancienne de Galice (NO de l’Espagne), avec une aire de production potentielle de 3.200 ha. Situé dans la région centrale de la vallée du Miño, le Ribeiro a un climat de tipe maritime tempéré qui se correspond avec la zone climatique II de Winkler.

AGEING BOTTLED WINES SUBMERGED IN SEA: DOES IT IMPACT WINE COMPOSITION?

Aging wines is a common practice in oenology, which in recent years has undergone some innovations. Currently, we are witnessing the practice of aging bottled wine in depth, immersed in the sea or in reservoirs, for variable periods of time, but so far, little is known about the impact of aging in depth on the physicochemical properties, of wines.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of this practice on the physicochemical characteristics, in particular to verify changes in the volatile composition of wines bottled and subsequently immersed in depth. A red wine from Cabernet Sauvignon was bottled and a set of bottles were submerged from July to February (2020), another set of bottles were submerged from February to September (2020) and another set was kept in the wine cellar. Bottles from each set were analyzed (in triplicate) in July 2021.

Harnessing whole genome sequencing data to predict protein structure and function variation in grapevine

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is amongst the world’s most cultivated fruit crops, and of global and economic significance, producing a wide variety of grape-derived products, including wine, and table grapes. The genus Vitis, encompassing approximately 70 naturally occurring inter-fertile species, exhibits extensive genetic and phenotypic diversity, highlighted by the global cultivation of thousands of predominantly Vitis vinifera cultivars. Despite the importance of harnessing its naturally occurring genetic diversity to pursue traits of interest, especially considering the continued and growing demand for sustainable high-quality grape production, the systematic characterization of available functional genetic variants remains limited.

A sensometabolomic approach to understand wine mouthfeel percepts

Targeted analytical methods can overlook compounds that are a priori unknown to play a role in the mouthfeel sensations. This limitation can be overcome with the information provided by untargeted metabolomic analysis using UPLC‐QTOF-MS. To this end, an untargeted metabolomic approach applied to 42 red wines has allowed development of a model with predictive capacity by cross-validation for the “dry”, “oily” and “unctuous” sensations perceived by a sensory panel. The optimal PLS model for “dry” retained compounds with positive regression coefficients (≥ 0.17) including a trimer procyanidin, a peptide, and four anthocyanins.

Combined use of Lachancea thermotolerans and Schizosaccharomyces pombe in winemaking

Commercial red wines use the malolactic fermentation process to ensure stability from a microbiological point of view. In this second fermentation, malic acid is converted into L-lactic acid under controlled steps.