Terroir 2004 banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 Shoot heterogeneity effects in a Shiraz/R99 vineyard

Shoot heterogeneity effects in a Shiraz/R99 vineyard

Abstract

[English version below]

Nous avons fait des recherches sur l’effet de l’hétérogénéité des bourgeons sur les paramètres de la croissance végétative et reproductive, la physiologie de la vigne et la composition du raisin dans une parcelle de Shiraz/Richter 99. Des bourgeons sous-développés (typiquement plus courts et moins mûrs à la véraison) ont été comparés avec des bourgeons normaux dans un couvert ombragé ou exposé à la lumière. Comparés aux bourgeons sous-développés, les normaux ont eu une plus grande surface feullière totale à cause du plus grand nombre de entre-cœurs aussi bien que des feuilles plus grandes portées par les bourgeons principaux et entre-cœurs. Vu que l’activité physiologique des feuilles des bourgeons normaux était supérieure à celle des bourgeons sous-développés, une quantité d’hydrates de carbone supérieure a été produite et mise en réserve par les premiers. L’amidon se distribuait plus régulièrement le long des sarments normaux, plus épais et longs en comparaison avec les sarments sous-développés. Les grappes plus grosses des sarments normaux ont montré que la surface feuillère totale par gramme de raisin était plus favorable. Cinq semaines après la véraison les baies des sarments normaux étaient plus petites que celles des sarments sous-développés, montrant un rapport entre peau et pulpe plus grand et un plus grand potentiel d’extraction des anthocyanes et de phénols pour l’élaboration du vin. L’étrange absence d’une grosse différence de composition du raisin entre les deux types de bourgeons a montré que les assimilés nécessaires pour mûrir les raisins des bourgeons sous-développés dérivent d’autres organes que leurs feuilles [p.ex. des bourgeons normaux adjacents et du reste de la structure permanente de la vigne (le cordon, le tronc, les racines)]. Cette hypothèse est supportée par la différence de dimensions de la baie entre les deux types de bourgeons qui était supérieure à l’ombre par rapport au feuillage exposé à la lumière. L’activité photosynthétique était inférieure à l’ombre que dans le feuillage exposé. La production totale d’hydrates de carbone des bourgeons normaux ombragés apparaissait insuffisante aux besoins de maturation de leurs propres grappes et du bourgeon même aussi bien que pour la maturation du sarment et des grappes des bourgeons sous-développés. Cela était démontré par le niveau d’amidon accumulé dans les sarments normaux, qui était inférieur à l’ombre par rapport aux sarments dans le feuillage exposé. Puisque l’hétérogénéité des bourgeons de la vigne a porté à un déséquilibre physiologique qui peut avoir une influence négative sur la qualité du raisin et du vin aussi bien que sur le coût de production, il faut l’éviter sur tout terroir.

The effect of shoot heterogeneity on vegetative and reproductive growth parameters, vine physiology and grape composition was investigated in a Shiraz/Richter 99 vineyard. Comparisons between underdeveloped (typically shorter and less ripened at véraison) and normally developed shoots in both shaded and well-exposed canopies were made. Compared to underdeveloped shoots, normal shoots had a larger total leaf area, due to the higher occurrence of secondary shoots as well as larger leaves on primary and secondary shoots. Since the physiological activity of the leaves from normal shoots was higher than that from underdeveloped shoots, higher levels of total carbohydrates were produced and stored in the former. Starch was more evenly distributed over the whole shoot length in the longer and thicker normally developed shoots compared to the underdeveloped shoots. The larger clusters of the normally developed shoots were evidence of their more favourable total leaf area per gram berry mass. Berries from the normally developed shoots were smaller at five weeks after véraison than those from underdeveloped shoots, displaying a higher skin to pulp ratio and therefore higher anthocyanin and total phenolic extraction potential for winemaking. The peculiar absence of large differences in grape composition between normally and underdeveloped shoots indicated that assimilates needed for berry ripening of the latter originated in organs other than the leaves [e.g. from adjacent normal shoots and the rest of the permanent structure of the vine (cordon, trunk, roots)]. The larger differences in berry size that occurred between shoot types in the shaded compared to the well-exposed canopies may be evidence for this. The photosynthetic activity of shoots was lower in shaded than in exposed canopies. The total carbohydrate production of the normal shoots in shaded canopies seemed insufficient to supply in the ripening needs of their own clusters and of the shoot itself as well as the ripening of stem tissue and clusters of the underdeveloped shoots in the canopy. This was illustrated by the lower levels of starch that accumulated in the normal shoots from shaded compared to that of exposed canopies. Vine shoot heterogeneity clearly led to visible and physiological imbalances that would impact negatively on grape and wine quality as well as production costs and should therefore be avoided on any terroir.

DOI:

Publication date: January 12, 2022

Issue: Terroir 2004

Type: Article

Authors

H Cloete (1), E Archer (2), V Novello (3) & JJ Hunter (4)

(1) Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Private Bag X1, Matieland, University of Stellenbosch, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
(2) Lusan Premium Wines, PO Box 104, 7599 Stellenbosch
(3) Dipartimento di Colture Arboree, I 10095 Grugliasco
(4) ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, 7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa

Contact the author

Keywords

Shoot heterogeneity, physiology, vegetative growth, reproductive growth, grape composition

Tags

IVES Conference Series | Terroir 2004

Citation

Related articles…

Within vineyard temperature structure and variability in the umpqua valley of Oregon

Climate influences viticulture and wine production at various scales with the majority of attention given to regional characteristics that define the general varieties that can be grown and the wine styles that can be produced.

Late season canopy management practices to reduce sugar loading and improve color profile of Cabernet-Sauvignon grapes and wines in the high irradiance and hot conditions of California Central Valley

Global warming is accelerating grape ripening, leading to unbalanced wines from fruit with high sugar content but poor aroma and colour development. Reducing the size of the photosynthetic apparatus after veraison has been shown to delay technological ripeness in cool climates, but methods have not been tested in areas with high irradiance and temperature where fruit exposure could have disastrous effects on berry composition. In this Cabernet-Sauvignon trial, we compared the application of an antitranspirant (pinolene), to severe canopy topping and above bunch zone leaf removal, all performed at mid-ripening, with an untouched control. We monitored the vines weekly by measuring stem water potential, gas exchange, fruit zone light exposure. We sampled berries to measure berry weight, total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, and the anthocyanin profile. At harvest, we assessed yield components, measured carbon isotope discrimination, rated sunburn on clusters, and produced experimental wines. We submitted harvest samples to metabolomic profiling through PFP-Q Exactive MS/MS and wines to sensory analysis. Application of the antitranspirant significantly reduced stomatal conductance and assimilation rate but did not affect the stem water potential. Inversely, leaf removal and topping increased water potential but did not affect leaf gas exchange. The late topping was the only treatment able to decrease sugar content (up to 2Bx), increase titratable acidity and pH, and improve anthocyanin content because of lower degradation of di-hydroxylated forms. Late leaf removal above the bunch zone increased lightning conditions in the canopy and produced the most significant damage on fruits. Yield components were not affected. This work suggests that late-season canopy management can effectively control ripening speeds and improve grapes and wines. Still, the effect on grape exposure in a critical time must be well balanced to avoid problems with the appropriate technique.

Impact of yeast strains on wine profiles of nine PIWIs: focus on volatile thiols

Disease resistant grapevine varieties (PIWI) are increasingly important for sustainable wine production, yet the impact of different yeasts on their wine profiles remains poorly studied. In this study, nine white interspecies varieties (i.e., caladris blanc, fleurtai, hibernal, johanniter, muscaris, sauvignon kretos, soreli, souvignier gris, and voltis) grown at the faculty of agriculture, university of Zagreb (Croatia) were vinified with three different saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts (control strain, zymaflore x5, and zymaflore xarom).

The role of molecular ecophysiology in terroir expression

Terroir is a complex concept which associates soil, climate, grape variety and cultural practices that include the training system and oenological techniques. It is a type of social construction with man at its centre. The typicality of a wine is also a social construction which is the result of an agreement among specialists vis à vis a given quality of the wine whose references are the wine’s origins (e.g. terroir) and taste.

EFFECT OF FERMENTATION TEMPERATURE GRADIENT AND SKIN CONTACT ON ESTER AND THIOL PRODUCTION AND TROPICAL FRUIT PERCEPTION IN CHARDONNAY WINES

Wines with tropical fruit aromas have become increasingly more available1,2. With increased availability of different wine styles, it has become important to understand the compounds that cause the fruity aromas in wine. Previous work using micro fermentations showed that fermentation temperature gradients and time on skins resulted in an increase in thiol and ester compounds post fermentation and these compounds are known to cause tropical fruit aroma in wines³. This work aimed to scale up these fermentations/operations to determine if the desired aromas could still be achieved and if there is a perceivable difference in tropical fruit aromas, liking, and emotional response in the wines at the consumer level.