Terroir 2004 banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 Shoot heterogeneity effects in a Shiraz/R99 vineyard

Shoot heterogeneity effects in a Shiraz/R99 vineyard

Abstract

[English version below]

Nous avons fait des recherches sur l’effet de l’hétérogénéité des bourgeons sur les paramètres de la croissance végétative et reproductive, la physiologie de la vigne et la composition du raisin dans une parcelle de Shiraz/Richter 99. Des bourgeons sous-développés (typiquement plus courts et moins mûrs à la véraison) ont été comparés avec des bourgeons normaux dans un couvert ombragé ou exposé à la lumière. Comparés aux bourgeons sous-développés, les normaux ont eu une plus grande surface feullière totale à cause du plus grand nombre de entre-cœurs aussi bien que des feuilles plus grandes portées par les bourgeons principaux et entre-cœurs. Vu que l’activité physiologique des feuilles des bourgeons normaux était supérieure à celle des bourgeons sous-développés, une quantité d’hydrates de carbone supérieure a été produite et mise en réserve par les premiers. L’amidon se distribuait plus régulièrement le long des sarments normaux, plus épais et longs en comparaison avec les sarments sous-développés. Les grappes plus grosses des sarments normaux ont montré que la surface feuillère totale par gramme de raisin était plus favorable. Cinq semaines après la véraison les baies des sarments normaux étaient plus petites que celles des sarments sous-développés, montrant un rapport entre peau et pulpe plus grand et un plus grand potentiel d’extraction des anthocyanes et de phénols pour l’élaboration du vin. L’étrange absence d’une grosse différence de composition du raisin entre les deux types de bourgeons a montré que les assimilés nécessaires pour mûrir les raisins des bourgeons sous-développés dérivent d’autres organes que leurs feuilles [p.ex. des bourgeons normaux adjacents et du reste de la structure permanente de la vigne (le cordon, le tronc, les racines)]. Cette hypothèse est supportée par la différence de dimensions de la baie entre les deux types de bourgeons qui était supérieure à l’ombre par rapport au feuillage exposé à la lumière. L’activité photosynthétique était inférieure à l’ombre que dans le feuillage exposé. La production totale d’hydrates de carbone des bourgeons normaux ombragés apparaissait insuffisante aux besoins de maturation de leurs propres grappes et du bourgeon même aussi bien que pour la maturation du sarment et des grappes des bourgeons sous-développés. Cela était démontré par le niveau d’amidon accumulé dans les sarments normaux, qui était inférieur à l’ombre par rapport aux sarments dans le feuillage exposé. Puisque l’hétérogénéité des bourgeons de la vigne a porté à un déséquilibre physiologique qui peut avoir une influence négative sur la qualité du raisin et du vin aussi bien que sur le coût de production, il faut l’éviter sur tout terroir.

The effect of shoot heterogeneity on vegetative and reproductive growth parameters, vine physiology and grape composition was investigated in a Shiraz/Richter 99 vineyard. Comparisons between underdeveloped (typically shorter and less ripened at véraison) and normally developed shoots in both shaded and well-exposed canopies were made. Compared to underdeveloped shoots, normal shoots had a larger total leaf area, due to the higher occurrence of secondary shoots as well as larger leaves on primary and secondary shoots. Since the physiological activity of the leaves from normal shoots was higher than that from underdeveloped shoots, higher levels of total carbohydrates were produced and stored in the former. Starch was more evenly distributed over the whole shoot length in the longer and thicker normally developed shoots compared to the underdeveloped shoots. The larger clusters of the normally developed shoots were evidence of their more favourable total leaf area per gram berry mass. Berries from the normally developed shoots were smaller at five weeks after véraison than those from underdeveloped shoots, displaying a higher skin to pulp ratio and therefore higher anthocyanin and total phenolic extraction potential for winemaking. The peculiar absence of large differences in grape composition between normally and underdeveloped shoots indicated that assimilates needed for berry ripening of the latter originated in organs other than the leaves [e.g. from adjacent normal shoots and the rest of the permanent structure of the vine (cordon, trunk, roots)]. The larger differences in berry size that occurred between shoot types in the shaded compared to the well-exposed canopies may be evidence for this. The photosynthetic activity of shoots was lower in shaded than in exposed canopies. The total carbohydrate production of the normal shoots in shaded canopies seemed insufficient to supply in the ripening needs of their own clusters and of the shoot itself as well as the ripening of stem tissue and clusters of the underdeveloped shoots in the canopy. This was illustrated by the lower levels of starch that accumulated in the normal shoots from shaded compared to that of exposed canopies. Vine shoot heterogeneity clearly led to visible and physiological imbalances that would impact negatively on grape and wine quality as well as production costs and should therefore be avoided on any terroir.

DOI:

Publication date: January 12, 2022

Issue: Terroir 2004

Type: Article

Authors

H Cloete (1), E Archer (2), V Novello (3) & JJ Hunter (4)

(1) Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Private Bag X1, Matieland, University of Stellenbosch, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
(2) Lusan Premium Wines, PO Box 104, 7599 Stellenbosch
(3) Dipartimento di Colture Arboree, I 10095 Grugliasco
(4) ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, 7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa

Contact the author

Keywords

Shoot heterogeneity, physiology, vegetative growth, reproductive growth, grape composition

Tags

IVES Conference Series | Terroir 2004

Citation

Related articles…

The impact of sustainable management regimes on amino acid profiles in grape juice, grape skin flavonoids, and hydroxycinnamic acids

One of the biggest challenges of agriculture today is maintaining food safety and food quality while providing ecosystem services such as biodiversity conservation, pest and disease control, ensuring water quality and supply, and climate regulation. Organic farming was shown to promote biodiversity and carbon sequestration, and is therefore seen as one possibility of environmentally friendly production. Consumers expect organically grown crops to be free from chemical pesticides and mineral fertilizers and often presume that the quality of organically grown crops is different or higher compared to conventionally grown crops. Integrated, organic, and biodynamic viticulture were compared in a replicated field trial in Geisenheim, Germany (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Riesling). Amino acid profiles in juice, grape skin flavonoids, and hydroxycinnamic acids were monitored over three consecutive seasons beginning 7 years after conversion to organic and biodynamic viticulture, respectively. In addition, parameters such as soil nutrient status, yield, vigor, canopy temperature, and water stress were monitored to draw conclusions on reasons for the observed changes. Results revealed that the different sustainable management regimes highly differed in their amino acid profiles in juice and also in their skin flavonol content, whereas differences in the flavanol and hydroxycinnamic acid content were less pronounced. It is very likely that differences in nutrient status and yield determined amino acid profiles in juice, although all three systems showed similar amounts of mineralized nitrogen in the soil. Canopy structure and temperature in the bunch zone did not differ among treatments and therefore cannot account for the observed differences in favonols. A different light exposure of the bunches in the respective systems due to differences in vigor together with differences in berry size and a different water status of the vines might rather be responsible for the increase in flavonol content under organic and biodynamic viticulture.

Chemometric profiling of Pinot noir wine from south tyrol as a tool to reach wine style goals

AIM: Pinot Noir (PN) wines produced in South Tyrol were profiled with the aim to provide guidelines for the oenologist to reach specific winemaking goals in terms of typicity and quality.

Chitosan treatment to manage grapevine downy mildew

Downy mildew is one of the most important grapevine diseases, caused by the Oomycete Plasmopara viticola. The management of the disease in organic agriculture can require up to 15 copper applications per year. However, copper accumulates in the soil, is phytotoxic and is toxic for organisms living in the soil, its use has been restricted in European Union to maximum 28 kg in 7 years. Therefore, testing of alternatives with equal effectiveness is desirable. Among those, the natural biopolymer chitosan, obtained from crab shells, proved to be effective toward downy mildew in plot experiments. The aim of our trials was to extend chitosan applications in large scale experiments in different years, cultivars and environmental conditions.

Downscaling of remote sensing time series: thermal zone classification approach in Gironde region

In viticulture, the challenges of local climate modelling are multiple: taking into account the local environment, fine temporal and spatial scales, reliable time series of climate data, ease of implementation and reproducibility of the method. At the local scale, recent studies have demonstrated the contribution of spatialization methods for ground-based climate observation data considering topographic factors such as altitude, slope, aspect, and geographic coordinates (Le Roux et al, 2017; De Rességuier et al, 2020). However, these studies have shown questions in terms of the reproducibility and sustainability of this type of climate study. In this context, we evaluated the potential of MODIS thermal satellite images validated with ground-based climate data (Morin et al, 2020). Previous studies have been encouraging, but questions remain to be explored at the regional scale, particularly in the dynamics of the massive use of bioclimatic indices to classify the climate of wine regions. The results at the local scale were encouraging, but this approach was tested in the current study at the regional scale. Several objectives were set: 1) to evaluate the downscaling method for land surface temperature time series, 2) to identify regional thermal structure variations. We used weekly minimum and maximum surface temperature time series acquired by MODIS satellites at a spatial resolution of 1000 m and downscaled at 500 m using topographical variables. Two types of analyses were performed:

METABOLIC INTERACTIONS OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE COCULTURES: A WAY TO EXTEND THE AROMA DIVERSITY OF CHARDONNAY WINE

Yeast co-inoculations in winemaking have been investigated in various applications, but most often in the context of modulating the aromatic profiles of wines. Our study aimed to characterize S. cerevisiae interactions and their impact on wine by taking an integrative approach. Three cocultures and corresponding pure cultures of S. cerevisiae were characterized according to their fermentative capacities, the chemical composition and aromatic profile of the associated Chardonnay wines. The various strains studied within the cocultures showed different behaviors regarding their development.