Terroir 2004 banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 Phenolic extraction during fermentation as affected by ripeness level of Syrah/R99 grapes

Phenolic extraction during fermentation as affected by ripeness level of Syrah/R99 grapes

Abstract

[English version below]

L’extraction phénolique au cours de la fermentation à partir de vendanges de différents degrees de maturité du cépage Syrah/R99 a été etudiée. Cette travail fait parti d’un projet focalisé sur la qualité du raisin et des vins obtenus au cours du millésime 2002. Les vignes sont situées à Stellenbosch (Afrique du Sud) sur un sol Glenrose avec un système de conduite en palissage vertical; la distance entre les rangs orientés nord-sud est de 2.75 m et de 1.5 m entre les souches. Les plantes ont été irriguées par microaspersion après la fermeture de la grappe (baie petit pois) jusqu’à la véraison. Six échantillons de baies ont été prélevés depuis la nouaison jusqu’à deux semaines après la véraison, date qui signale le début des vendanges pour les différents degrés de maturité. Les souches ont été vendangées en six bloques chaque quatre jours puis les raisins sont immédiatement vinifiés.
Les résultats correspondent aux périodes s’échelonnant entre le 17 février et le 24 mars 2002. Les analyses de la baie entière, de l’épiderme et des pépins ont été réalisées sur les raisins et les vins des 6 bloques expérimentaux. Les raisins sont placés à la même temperture de 20ºC avant le début de la fermentation. Les vendanges après être éraflées, foulées et sulfitées sont additionnées d’activateurs puis inoculées par S. cerevisiæ (VIN 13) et fermentent à la tempertaure constante de 24ºC. La durée moyenne de la vinification (fermentation alcoolique + macération postfermentative) a été de 5 jours. Trois pigeages ont été effectués par jour jusqu’au cinquième jour temps où le pressurage est réalisé. Des échantillons d’épiderme de raisins et du moût en fermentation ont été analysés le premier, deuxième, quatrième et cinquième jour après le pressurage. La concentration en sucre, l’acidité totale, le pH, les teneurs en anthocyanes et tanins ainsi que les polyphénols totaux (IPT) sont analysés. De plus, pendant la fermentation, l’évolution de densité colorante (A520 + 420) et de l’IPT (A280) est aussi déterminée. Les proanthocyanidins selon l’analyse du DMAC ont été déterminés dans les pépins des baies et pendant la vinification. Dans les vins, sont analysés le degré alcoolique, l’intensité et la densité colorante, et les polyphénols totaux.
Le contenu maximum de sucre se situe autour du 11 mars (178 jours après le débourrement). Ce maximum d’accumulation est aussi observé pour les anthocyanes, les tanins et les polyphénols totaux des baies, accompagné en parallèle d’une diminution du volume de la baie due à la perte d’eau. Après l’onze de mars, l’extraction des polyphénols totaux n’est pas en relation avec la taille de la baie. L’extraction des polyphénols totaux de l’épiderme au cinquième jour de fermentation est totale après le 17 mars et par la suite la densité colorante et les phenols (IPT) dans l’épiderme se maintiennent constants après cette période. Si on compare les différents degrés de maturité, l’extraction augmente de forme notable après l’onze de mars et l’on observe une diminution plus marquée de la densité colorante et de l’IPT des épidermes le cinquième jour de la fermentation. Le contenu des catéquines dans les pépins n’a pas beaucoup changé pendant la maturation des baies alors que la diminution à la fin de la fermentation pour les pépins de raisins récoltés 6 semaines après la véraison a été très importante, contraire à l’accumulation des sucres. Les valeurs de densité colorante et IPT des vins suivent un modèle similaire à celles trouvées dans les baies.

Phenolic (tannin and anthocyanin) extraction during fermentation of Syrah grapes was investigated as part of an elaborate study to determine parameters that would indicate high grape quality and different grape and wine styles. A Syrah/R99 vineyard, situated in the Stellenbosch region (South Africa), was used. Vines are vertically trained and spaced 2.75 x 1.5 m in north-south orientated rows on a Glenrosa soil and a west-facing slope. Microsprinkler-irrigation was applied at pea berry size and at vèraison stages. Canopies were suckered, shoot-positioned and topped, whereas leaves were removed at two stages. Fortnightly sampling was done from berry set up to two weeks post-véraison, after which grapes were harvested for analyses and winemaking approximately every four days. Six wines were made per ripeness level.
Results obtained during the ripening period of the 2002/2003 growth season (from 17 February to 24 March) are reported. Whole berries, skins, seeds, pomace and wine were analysed for each ripeness level. Grapes of all harvests were cooled to the same temperature (20 ºC) before processing. Grapes were destemmed, crushed and the pomace inoculated with commercial yeast (VIN 13). Alcoholic fermentation took place at a controlled temperature of 24 ºC (di-ammonium phosphate and SO2 were added). The skins were pushed through three times per day. Fermentation on the skins averaged five days, after which the pomace was pressed. Skins and juice were analysed on the first, second and fourth day during fermentation. On the fifth day after crushing (at pressing), skins, juice and seeds were analysed. Total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, anthocyanins, tannins and phenolics were analysed in the whole berries. Evolution of colour density (A520 + 420) and total phenolic content (absorbance at 280nm) was monitored in the pomace and skins. Proanthocyanidin content (DMAC analysis) was determined in the seeds from intact berries and in the seeds after pressing. The degree of alcohol, phenolics, colour intensity and colour density were determined in the different wines.
The 0Balling of the berries reached a high at approximately 11 March (178 days after bud burst). This pattern was similar to that of the anthocyanin, tannin and total phenolic contents of the berry (whole berry extraction) and coincided with the reduction in berry size due to water loss. After 11 March extraction of the different phenolic compounds seemed not to be affected by the decrease in berry size. From 17 March no further extraction from the skins (skin extraction after 5 days of fermentation) occurred, hence the stable colour density and total phenolic patterns of the skins during this period. The colour density and total phenolic content of the skins during fermentation showed a clear distinction between harvest dates with higher extraction occurring from 11 March to the last harvest date, resulting in low remaining values in the skins after five days of fermentation. The proanthocyanidin content of the seeds only slightly decreased during the course of ripening. However, the seeds were heavily depleted during fermentation of the harvests following that at approximately 6 weeks after véraison, a trend which is completely opposite to the sugar content of the berries. The colour density and total phenolic content of the wine followed similar patterns to those of the berries

DOI:

Publication date: January 12, 2022

Issue: Terroir 2004

Type: Article

Authors

M. Nadal (1), N. Volschenk (2) and J.J. Hunter (2)

(1) Departament de Bioquimica i Biotecnologia, Facultat d’Enologia de Tarragona, CerTA, Ramón y Cajal 70, 43003 Tarragona
(2) ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, 7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa

Contact the author

Keywords

Grapevine, Shiraz, fermentation, phenols, ripeness level, skins, seeds, wine

Tags

IVES Conference Series | Terroir 2004

Citation

Related articles…

Bio-based fertilisers from fruit and vegetable residues for improving soil fertility and vine status in degraded vineyards

The H2020 RUSTICA project aims to propose, demonstrate, and implement technical solutions to convert organic residues from fruit and vegetables into high-quality novel bio-based fertilisers (BBF).

Impact on leaf morphology of Vitis vinifera L. cvs Riesling and Cabernet Sauvignon under Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE)

Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration has continuously increased since pre-industrial times from 280 ppm in 1750, and is predicted to exceed 700 ppm by the end of 21st century. For most of C3 plant species elevated CO2 (eCO2) improve photosynthetic apparatus results in an increased plant biomass production. To investigate the effects of eCO2 on morphological leaf characteristics the two Vitis vinifera L. cultivars, Riesling and Cabernet Sauvignon, grown in the Geisenheim VineyardFACE (Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment) system were used. The FACE site is located at Geisenheim University (49° 59′ N, 7° 57′ E, 94 m above sea level), Germany and was implemented in 2014 comparing future atmospheric CO2-concentrations (eCO2, predicted for the mid-21st century) with current ambient CO2-conditions (aCO2). Experiments were conducted under rain-fed conditions for two consecutive years (2015 and 2016). Six leaves per repetition of the CO2 treatment were sampled in the field and immediately fixed in a FAA solution (ethanol, H2O, formaldehyde and glacial acetic acid). After 24 h leaf samples were transferred and stored in an ethanol solution. Subsequently, leaf tissue was dehydrated using ethanol series and embedded in paraffin. By using a rotary microtomesections of 5 µm were prepared and fixed on microscopic slides. Subsequent the samples were stained using consecutive staining and washing solutions. Afterwards pictures of the leaf cross-sections were taken using a light microscope and consecutive measurements were conducted with an open source image software. Differences found in leaf cross-sections of the two CO2 treatments were detected for the palisade parenchyma. Leaf thickness, upper and lower epidermis and spongy parenchyma remained less affected under eCO2 conditions. The observed results within grapevine leaf tissues can provide first insights to seasonal adaptation strategies of grapevines under future elevated CO2 concentrations.

Current climate change in the Oplenac wine-growing district (Serbia)

Serbian autochthonous vine varieties Smederevka (for white wines) and Prokupac (for rosé and red wines) are the primary representatives of typical characteristics of wines and terroir of numerous wine-growing areas in Serbia. In the past, these varieties were the leading vine varieties, however, as the result of globalization of winemaking and the trend of consumption of wines from widely prevalent vine varieties, they were replaced by introduced international varieties. Smederevka and Prokupac vine varieties are characterized by later time of grape ripening, and relative sensitivity to low temperatures. Climate conditions can be a restrictive factor for production of high-quality grapes and wine and for the spatial spreading of these varieties in hilly continental wine-growing areas.
This paper focuses on the spatial analysis of changes of main climate parameters, in particular, analysis of viticultural bioclimatic indices that were determined for the purposes of viticulture zoning of wine-growing areas in the period 1961-2010, and those same parameters determined for the current, that is, referential climate period (1988-2017). Results of the research, that is, analysis of climate changes indicate that the majority of examined climate parameters in the Oplenac wine-growing district improved from the perspective of Smederevka and Prokupac vine varieties. These studies of climate conditions indicate that changes of analyzed climate parameters, that is, bioclimatic indices will be favorable for cultivation of varieties with later grape ripening times and those more sensitive to low temperatures, such as the autochthonous vine varieties Smederevka and Prokupac, therefore, it is recommended to producers to more actively plant vineyards with these varieties in the territory of the Oplenac wine-growing district.

AOC valorization of terroir nuances at plot scale in Burgundy

In the highly competitive global wine market, Burgundy has a long-established reputation to maintain. The vine and wine sector in Burgundy is based on a five-level ranking of AOC (Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée) wines and of the plots where the grapes are grown.

Twenty-two shades of grey – An analysis of alcohol regulations in the Arab world

This article compares alcohol regulations across 22 Arab League member countries.