Terroir 2004 banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 Sugar loading and phenolic accumulation as affected by ripeness level of Syrah/R99 grapes

Sugar loading and phenolic accumulation as affected by ripeness level of Syrah/R99 grapes

Abstract

[English version below]

Le chargement et l’accumulation des sucres ainsi que la biosynthèse des phénols ont été étudiés sur la Syrah, dans le cadre d’un programme de recherche de paramètres qui permettraient de déterminer une ou plusieurs qualités de raisin en relation avec des styles de vins pour un terroir donné. La relation entre la dynamique d’accumulation des sucres et, en parallèle, la biosynthèse des phénols a été étudiée sur Syrah/99R plantée dans un vignoble situé sur la station expérimentale de ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch (Afrique du Sud). La cinétique des analyses a été réalisée depuis le stade post floraison (nouaison) jusqu’au stade sur-maturation. Les vignes sont conduites en Espalier (2,75m x 1,5m), les rangs sont orientés nord – sud, le vignoble est en pente orientée est. Une irrigation par micro aspersion est appliquée de la nouaison à la véraison. La hauteur de végétation est de 1,4 m, avec 3 hauteurs de fils de palissage. Les vignes sont ébourgeonnées, palissées et écimées. La dynamique d’accumulation des sucres par baie a été étudiée à l’aide d’un protocole développé par Deloire et al., 2004 (sous presse). La biosynthèse des phénols (tanins totaux et leur degré de polymérisation, proanthocyanidols et anthocyanes) a été étudiée par spectrophotométrie et HPLC pour les anthocyanes. Le sucre est utilisé comme indicateur des relations vigne – baie (relations source – puits).
Les tanins totaux (TT) de la baie sont synthétisés depuis l’anthèse jusqu’à la véraison. Leur concentration augmente durant la croissance herbacée des baies. Elle diminue en concentration de véraison à maturation, alors que durant cette période, la quantité de TT par baie est stable. Quand les sucres sont utilisés comme indicateur physiologique, il ressort clairement que la biosynthèse des anthocyanes évolue, par baie, jusqu’à ce que ces dernières atteignent un contenu en sucre de 20 – 21 °Brix. Après ce point, l’évolution des anthocyanes par baie est indépendante de l’évolution du contenu en sucre par baie, qui se fait alors essentiellement par concentration (perte d’eau de la baie). Le chargement actif des baies en sucre est dépendant de la photosynthèse des feuilles et la régulation du déchargement phloémien du sucre dans les baies semble en partie dépendante du microclimat des grappes et des baies elles mêmes. Le chargement actif en sucre de la baie n’est pas directement corrélé à son volume.

Sugar loading and phenolic accumulation in Syrah grapes were investigated as part of an elaborate study to determine parameters that would indicate high grape quality and different grape and wine styles on a particular terroir. The relationship between the dynamics of sugar loading and phenolic accumulation in the berries of a Syrah/R99 vineyard, situated at the ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij , in the Stellenbosch region (South Africa), was investigated from pea size stage (green berry) to late maturity. Vines were vertically trained and spaced 2.75 x 1.5 m in north-south orientated rows on a terroir with Glenrosa soil and a west-facing slope. Microsprinkler-irrigation was applied at pea berry size and at véraison stages. The 1.4 m high canopies were suckered, shoot-positioned and topped and accommodated by means of three sets of double wires. The dynamics of berry sugar loading were studied by a method from Deloire et al, 2004 (under publication), the berry phenolic composition (total tannins and polymerisation, proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins) was analysed by spectrophotometry and anthocyanins by HPLC. Sugar was used as physiological indicator of the plant-berry (source-sink) relationship and as bunch microclimatic indicator.
The total tannin (TT) component in the berry was synthesised from anthesis to véraison. The TT concentration increased during the green berry growth stages and decreased during ripening as the berry increased in volume. The TT per berry also increased during the green berry growth stages, but kept stable during ripening. When sugar content per berry is used as physiological indicator, it is clear that anthocyanin biosynthesis occurred until a specific berry sugar content, i.e. 20 – 21 0Brix, is reached. After this point, anthocyanin evolution per berry seemed independent of berry sugar evolution, which is at that time mainly due to concentration (berry water loss) than to loading. Thus, although berry sugar loading is dependent on photosynthetic activity of the leaves, the regulation of sugar phloem unloading in the berry sink seemed to be, in part, affected by the microclimate that the berry experienced. Berry sugar loading was not directly correlated with berry volume.

DOI:

Publication date: January 10, 2022

Issue: Terroir 2004

Type: Article

Authors

A. Deloire (1), E. Kraeva (1), M. Martin (2) et J.J. Hunter (3)

(1) Agro Montpellier, UMR 1083 « sciences pour l’œnologie et la viticulture », 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier cedex 1, France
(2) INRA, Unité expérimentale de Pech Rouge, 11430 Gruissan, France
(3) ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, 7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa

Contact the author

Keywords

Vitis vinifera, bunch, sugar, microclimate, indicator, vine functioning

Tags

IVES Conference Series | Terroir 2004

Citation

Related articles…

New oenological technology for adaptation to climate change: reduction of alcohol content during wine fermentation through stripping, with fermentative CO2

The capture and valorization of fermentative CO2 have been developed for several years by the company w platform for internal uses, notably in the cellars: inerting, cooling, reduction of water consumption, extraction, with aroma valorization. In a context of climatic warming during the vegetative cycle, grapes are currently harvested with a significant sugar concentration, a phenomenon that is expected to intensify in the coming decades. The high alcohol content of the resulting wines goes against the demand of customers who are seeking high-quality wines with less alcohol.

Effect of must temperature and aspergillopepsin-I supplementation on PR-protein derived peptides

Protein instability in wines is challenging, and despite many efforts to find satisfactory alternatives to bentonite, both in terms of stability and quality, the solutions are limited in the wine industry.

Macromolecular characterization of disease resistant red wine varieties (PIWI)

Pilzwiderstandsfähige (PIWI) are disease resistant Vitis vinifera interspecific hybrid varieties that are receiving increasing attention for ability to ripen in cool climates and their resistance to grapevine fungal diseases. Wines produced from these varieties have not been characterized, especially regarding their macromolecular composition. This study characterised and quantified colloid-forming molecules (proteins, polysaccharides and phenolics) of red PIWI wines produced in the UK. METHODS: In 2019 6 wines were made from the PIWI varieties Rondo, Cabernet Jura, Cabernet Cortis, Cabernet Noir, Regent and Cabertin grown at the Plumpton Rock Lodge Vineyard in Sussex (UK) and harvested at similar level of maturity (TSS, pH and TA). All juice was chaptalized to the same potential alcohol of 12%. Small scale winemaking (1L) was performed in quadruplicate using Bodum® coffee plungers to manage maceration [1]. Residual sugar content, pH, and titratable acidity were monitored during fermentation. For finished wines, the protein and polysaccharide content was measured by HPLC-SEC [2], while the total phenolic content was assessed using the Folin-Ciocalteau method [3]. The protein profile of the wines was further investigated by SDS-PAGE [4]. RESULTS: Fermentations (n=24) were all carried out to completion within 8 days.

Epigenetics: an innovative lever for grapevine breeding in times of climate changes

Climate change results in erratic weather conditions, which may lead for many crops including grapevine, to a reduced production and products of lower quality. Concerning grapevine, climate change results in shorter growing seasons and dates for budbreak, flowering and fruit maturity occur earlier in many regions. It also leads to an increase of various pests and diseases, as well as the vectors responsible for disease distribution.

Rapid quantification of higher alcohols in wine, port wine and brandy by HS-GC-FID

In response to the growing demand for rapid, precise, and efficient methods of quantifying volatile compounds in alcoholic beverages, this study presents a novel approach for the determination of higher alcohols in wine, port wine, and brandy.