Terroir 1996 banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 Application of the simplified quality bioclimatical index of Fregoni: suggestion of using its evolution curve

Application of the simplified quality bioclimatical index of Fregoni: suggestion of using its evolution curve

Abstract

Les indices bioclimatiques constituent un bon outil pour piloter le développement vitivinicole dans une région précise. Plusieurs indices bioclimatiques ont été proposés par la littérature mondiale (WINKLER 1970; HIDALGO, 1980; HUGLIN, 1986, TONIETO et CARBONEAU, 2000), mais pour des raisons physiologiques ces indices n’incluent pas dans leurs formules les températures journalières inférieures à 10 °C, à l’exception de l’indice de FREGONI (FREGONI et PEZZUTTO, 2000). Cet auteur établit une relation entre les variations thermiques, les températures inférieures à 10 °C et la qualité des vins, en particulier pour les 30 jours précédant les vendanges. Parmi les indices appliqués au Chili, celui de WINKLER et AMERINE (WINKLER, 1970) est probablement le plus utilisé, cependant il présente quelques liplites (Mc INTYRE et al. 1987; JACKSON et CHERRY, 1988) et des résultats incongrus ont été signalés pour le Chili. En effet, il classe dans le même groupe des zones littorales avec d’autres proches à la cordillère des Andes, présentant des températures moyennes similaires mais avec des variations thermiques sensiblement différentes (SANTIBANEZ et al. (1984).
FREGONI et PEZZUTTO (2000) affirment que le Chili présente les plus hautes variations thermiques journalières pendant le mois précédant la récolte, ce qui justifierait l’utilisation de l’indice de FREGONI pour la vitiviniculture de ce pays.
On a utilisé la formule simplifiée de l’indice de FREGONI (IFss), en multipliant l’amplitude thermique par le nombre de jours au-dessous de 10 °C pour le mois précédant la récolte, sans, prendre en compte le nombre d’heures pendant lesquelles ces températures au-dessous de 10 °C se maintiennent : IFss = Σ (T maxima – T minima)*Σ (N° jours < 10° C). L’indice de FREGONI est calculé pour le mois précédant la récolte, en l’occurrence, le mois de mars pour l’hémisphère sud.
Le calcul de l’indice de FREGONI pour différents lieux de la région du Maule au Chili permet de différencier 4 zones agroclimatiques. Ces valeurs obtenues ne correspondent pas .aux niveaux les plus élevés possibles pour ces zones, qui se produisent généralement pendant le mois d’avril.
Par ailleurs, au Chili et plus particulièrement dans les zones de la région du Maule, les vendanges s’étalent, en fonction du cépage, du mois de février à mai. Par conséquent, le calcul de l’indice uniquement pour le mois de mars se révèle inapproprié.
Afin de mieux caractériser chaque lieu, on propose donc l’utilisation de la courbe d’évolution de IFss, caractérisée par 4 périodes. Cette courbe d’évolution de l’indice peut avoir différentes applications pratiques.

Bioclimatic indices are good tools to orientate the development of viticultural areas. Several bioclimatic indices have been proposed in international literature (WINKLER 1970; HIDALGO, 1980; HUGLIN, 1986, TONIETO et CARBONEAU, 2000) but, for physiological reasons, daily temperatures under 10°C are not included, excepted in FREGONl’s index (FREGONI and PEZZUTTO, 2000). These authors establishes a relationship between daily temperature variations, temperatures under 10°C and wine quality, for the 30 days before harvest.
WINKLER and AMERINE’s index (WINKLER, 1970) is certainly the most frequently used, among different climatic indices used in Chile. However, it has some limitations (Mc INTYRE et al. 1987; JACKSON and CHERRY, 1988) and some wrong results have been reported for Chile. In fact, this index classifies in the same class coastal zones and closed to the Andes mountains areas. For these two areas, average temperatures are similar but daily variations oftemperature are quite different (SANTIBANEZ et al. 1984).
FREGONI and PEZZUTTO (2000) observed that Chile presents the highest daily variations of temperature during the month before harvest and suggested that it could justify the use of FREGONI’ s index for Chilean viticultural areas.
Simplified FREGONI’ s indice (lfss) was used by multiplying daily temperature amplitude and the number of days under 10°C, for the month before harvest, but not regarding duration of temperature under 10°C period: Ifss = S (T maxima – T minima)*S (N° days < 10° C). FREGONI’ s index is calculated for the month before harvest, March for the southern hemisphere.
FREGONI’ s index was applied to different areas of Chilean Maule region and 4 agroclimatic zones were distinguished. Results don’t correspond to the highest potential levels for these areas, generally found in April. In Chile, and more particularly in the Maule region, the harvest period spread from February to May, according to the cultivar. Consequently, FREGONl’s index application only for March is quite inexact. The lfss curve evolution, characterized by 4 periods, is proposed to characterize viticultural areas. This curve presents different practical applications.

 

 

 

DOI:

Publication date: February 15, 2022

Issue:Terroir 2002

Type: Article

Authors

Ph. PSZCZOLKOWSKJ (1), E. ALEMP ARTE (1) and M. I. CARDENAS (2)

(1) Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología
Facultad de Agronomia e Ingenieria Forestal
Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile
Casilla 306-22, Santiago, Chile
(2) CIREN-CORFO
Manuel Montt 1164; Santiago, Chile

Contact the author

Keywords

Chili, zonage vitivinicole, indice bioclimatique
Chile, viti-vinicultural zoning, bio-climatic index

Tags

IVES Conference Series | Terroir 2002

Citation

Related articles…

Soil, vine, climate change – what is observed – what is expected

To evaluate the current and future impact of climate change on Viticulture requires an integrated view on a complex interacting system within the soil-plant-atmospheric continuum under continuous change. Aside of the globally observed increase in temperature in basically all viticulture regions for at least four decades, we observe several clear trends at the regional level in the ratio of precipitation to potential evapotranspiration. Additionally the recently published 6th assessment report of the IPCC (The physical science basis) shows case-dependent further expected shifts in climate patterns which will have substantial impacts on the way we will conduct viticulture in the decades to come.
Looking beyond climate developments, we observe rising temperatures in the upper soil layers which will have an impact on the distribution of microbial populations, the decay rate of organic matter or the storage capacity for carbon, thus affecting the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and the viscosity of water in the soil-plant pathway, altering the transport of water. If the upper soil layers dry out faster due to less rainfall and/or increased evapotranspiration driven by higher temperatures, the spectral reflection properties of bare soil change and the transport of latent heat into the fruiting zone is increased putting a higher temperature load on the fruit. Interactions between micro-organisms in the rhizosphere and the grapevine root system are poorly understood but respond to environmental factors (such as increased soil temperatures) and the plant material (rootstock for instance), respectively the cultivation system (for example bio-organic versus conventional). This adds to an extremely complex system to manage in terms of increased resilience, adaptation to and even mitigation of climate change. Nevertheless, taken as a whole, effects on the individual expressions of wines with a given origin, seem highly likely to become more apparent.

Characterization of simple polyphenols in seeds of autochthonous grapevine varieties grown in Croatia (Vitis vinifera L.)

Croatia has rich grapevine genetic resources with more than 125 autochthonous varieties preserved. Coastal region of Croatia, Dalmatia, is well known for wine production based on autochthonous grapevine varieties. Nevertheless, only couple of these are widely cultivated and have greater economic importance. Grape seeds are sources of polyphenols which play an important role in organoleptic and nutritional value of grape and wine. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the simple polyphenols from grape seeds in 20 rare autochthonous grapevine varieties.

Callinikos: the new white table grapeseedless variety for biological produce

This paper presents is the create, the study and amplographic description the new seedless grape variety «Callinicos» was created by P. Zamanidis at the Athens Vine Department

Bioprospecting of native Metschnikowia pulcherrima strains for biocontrol and aroma enhancement in the wine production chain

Metschnikowia pulcherrima is a well-studied non-conventional oenological yeast due to its positive contributions to winemaking as a bioprotective agent and as an aroma-enhancing starter in sequential fermentations with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Binati et al., 2023; Canonico et al., 2023).

Amino nitrogen content in grapes: the impact of crop limitation

As an essential element for grapevine development and yield, nitrogen is also involved in the winemaking process and largely affects wine composition. Grape must amino nitrogen deficiency affects the alcoholic fermentation kinetics and alters the development of wine aroma precursors. It is therefore essential to control and optimize nitrogen use efficiency by the plant to guarantee suitable grape nitrogen composition at harvest. Understanding the impact of environmental conditions and cultural practices on the plant nitrogen metabolism would allow us to better orientate our technical choices with the objective of quality and sustainability (less inputs, higher efficiency). This trial focuses on the impact of crop limitation – that is a common practice in European viticulture – on nitrogen distribution in the plant and particularly on grape nitrogen composition. A wide gradient of crop load was set up in a homogeneous plot of Chasselas (Vitis vinifera) in the experimental vineyard of Agroscope, Switzerland. Dry weight and nitrogen dynamics were monitored in the roots, trunk, canopy and grapes, during two consecutive years, using a 15N-labeling method. Grape amino nitrogen content was assessed in both years, at veraison and at harvest. The close relationship between fruits and roots in the maintenance of plant nitrogen balance was highlighted. Interestingly, grape nitrogen concentration remained unchanged regardless of crop load to the detriment of the growth and nitrogen content of the roots. Meanwhile, the size and the nitrogen concentration of the canopy were not affected. Leaf gas exchange rates were reduced in response to lower yield conditions, reducing carbon and nitrogen assimilation and increasing intrinsic water use efficiency. The must amino nitrogen profiles could be discriminated as a function of crop load. These findings demonstrate the impact of plant balance on grape nitrogen composition and contribute to the improvement of predictive models and sustainable cultural practices in perennial crops.