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IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 La vinicultura en regiones tropicales Brasileras

La vinicultura en regiones tropicales Brasileras

Abstract

La producción mundial de uvas para mesa es obtenida de viñedos localizados entre los paralelos 30 y 50º Latitud Norte y 30 y 40º Latitud Sur.
En el Brasil, algunos de los principales estados productores (São Paulo, Bahia, Pernambuco y Minas Gerais) están localizados abajo de las latitudes citadas.
Durante las últimas décadas, en cuanto la producción vitícola de las regiones brasileñas tradicionales (Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo, Paraná y Santa Catarina) permaneció estable, las regiones tropicales experimentaron una expansión apreciable en el área cultivada, con destaque especial para el Valle del Rio São Francisco (Bahia y Pernambuco) y el Nordeste Paulista (São Paulo).
En estas regiones el desarrollo de la viticultura fue alcanzado gracias al gran esfuerzo de la investigación y del sector productivo en la generación y adaptación de nuevas técnicas, característica que situó la viticultura tropical entre las tecnológicamente mas avanzadas.
Actualmente, cerca de 10.000 ha de uvas finas para mesa son cultivadas en el Brasil, cuja producción está próxima a los 30 millones de cajas de 7 Kg. Las áreas mas importantes del cultivo se localizan en los estados de São Paulo (2.890 ha), Bahia y Pernambuco (4.000), Paraná (2.600) y Minas Gerais (400).
El Estado de São Paulo concentra su producción en dos zonas, São Miguel Arcanjo y Nordeste Paulista.
La zona de São Miguel Arcanjo, localizada en el sur del estado es la productora más tradicional de uvas finas de Brasil con un área de cultivo estable de cerca de 2000 ha, donde predomina el cultivo de la variedad Itália y sus mutaciones. Aunque con invierno (frio y seco) prolongado que permite una abundante brotación, el verano caliente y húmedo dificulta la cosecha, cujas uvas sin embargo son de buena calidad, lo que permite, inclusive, su exportación para Europa.
La viticultura del Nordeste Paulista, concentrada en la región de Jales, aunque reciente (20 años) ya presenta cerca de 1.000 ha cultivadas con uvas finas para mesa.
El clima de la región (Tabla 1) es de invierno seco y ameno y verano caliente y lluvioso. La tecnología desarrollada para el cultivo de uvas finas, en estas condiciones climáticas, basada en la doble poda anual de ramas leñosas (poda de producción — febrero a junio y poda de renovación — julio a diciembre), origina la producción en la temporada de baja cosecha (junio — diciembre en el hemisfério sur). Con resultados económicos favorables, los vinicultores buscan constantemente innovaciones tecnológicas, con el objetivo de mejorar la calidad de las uvas producidas. La utilización de reguladores de crecimiento, desbaste de frutillos, cobertura de los viñedos con “sombrite”, riego y un intenso programa de control de enfermedades y plagas son prácticas obligatorias.
El cultivo de las uvas finas para mesa implantado en el Valle del Rio São Francisco (Bahia y Pernambuco) es el que presenta mayores posibilidades de expansión. Esta región, la más árida del Brasil, tiene precipitaciones pluviométricas anuales entre 300 y 500 mm, distribuidos normalmente entre los meses de noviembre y febrero.
Gracias a las condiciones climáticas locales (Tabla 1), con calor y sequía durante prácticamente todo el año y con la disponibilidad de agua para riego, es posible producir 5 cosechas en dos años, en una misma área y lo que es más importante, en cualquier día del año.
La tecnología disponible, como muestran muchos proyectos, ha propiciado la producción de uvas de alta calidad que son comercializadas en los mercados europeos principalmente entre los meses de octubre a enero.

DOI:

Publication date: February 24, 2022

Issue: Terroir 2000

Type: Article

Authors

Fernando Mendes Pereira, Aparecida Conceição Boliani

Tags

IVES Conference Series | Terroir 2000

Citation

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