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IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 Evapotranspiración de viñedo en secano y evaporación de barbecho en “La Mancha”

Evapotranspiración de viñedo en secano y evaporación de barbecho en “La Mancha”

Abstract

Un 94 % del viñedo español se cultiva con métodos y técnicas propias de los sistemas agrícolas desarrollados en secano en regiones de clima semiárido, donde las precipitaciones anuales raramente exceden los 500 mm: reducida densidad de plantación, conducción en vaso, recolección manual, escaso uso de mano de obra cualificada, limitadas aportaciones de nutrientes, elevado número de labores para el manejo del suelo, y tratamientos fitosanitarios sólo en situaciones muy justificadas.
Castilla-La Mancha, con 593000 ha de viñedo, es la región que tiene la mayor superficie dedicada del mundo, representando el 8 % de la superficie vitícola mundial, el 11,4 % de la de Europa y el 50 % del viñedo nacional. Además de la manifiesta importancia socioeconómica, el viñedo castellano-manchego juega un papel ecológico de sumo interés dentro del concepto y fundamentos de la agricultura sostenible. Esta biomasa transpirante contribuye a mantener un ecosistema agrícola importante generado en condiciones limitantes, con un papel acusado en ralentizar el proceso de desertificación (de Juan et al., 1998).
Doorenbos y Kassam (1986) consideran que las necesidades estacionales de agua de la vid varían entre 660 y 1200 mm, dependiendo fundamentalmente del clima y de la duración de la estación de crecimiento y desarrollo. Williams y Matthews (1990) refieren consumos estacionales máximos que oscilan entre 660 y 800 mm, en zonas donde la ETo varió entre 1128 y 1231 mm. Alexandrescu et al. (1966) obtienen tasas máximas de evapotranspiración de 5,9 mmdía-1, mientras los valores dados por Hicks (1973) oscilaron entre 2 mmdía-1 (prefloración) hasta 4 mmdía-1 (postenvero).
El conocimiento de las relaciones hídricas de la vid no sólo es necesario para paliar el déficit hídrico a través de la programación del riego, sino también para un adecuado manejo del viñedo cultivado en secano. Sin embargo, bajo estos últimos sistemas de producción agrícola los estudios relacionados con el consumo de agua son mucho menos numerosos, al menos, en España. El largo periodo de extrema sequía padecido a principios de los años 90 en Castilla-La Mancha impulsó un elevado número de estudios multidisciplinares desarrollados dentro del Proyecto EFEDA (“ECHIVAL Field Experiment in a Desertification-threatened Area”) (Bolle et al., 1993), integrado en “The European Programme on Climate and Natural Hazards (EPOCH)”, y financiado por “The Commission of the European Communities (CEC)”. Por medio del Proyecto EFEDA, se ha podido conocer, mediante la utilización de métodos micrometeorológicos, que la evapotranspiración del viñedo durante los meses de junio y julio en regiones semiáridas puede llegar a ser de 1 mmdía-1 (6 lcepa-1), en un porcentaje superior al 95 % debido al proceso de transpiración de las plantas (Oliver y Sene, 1992; Sene, 1994). Estos investigadores estimaron un consumo estacional de la vid cultivada en secano de 150 mm.
El trabajo que se presenta aquí se desarrolló dentro del Programa EFEDA, y tuvo como objetivo el llegar a conocer la alimentación hídrica de la vid y poder cuantificar la contribución del perfil del suelo al proceso de evapotranspiración, en regiones que, como Castilla-La Mancha, se caracterizan por la existencia de déficits hídricos muy acusados en los meses de junio, julio y agosto, debido principalmente a que las precipitaciones son escasas o irregulares, de 300 a 400 mm anuales, con veranos largos, secos, muy calurosos y, en consecuencia, de alta demanda evaporativa por parte de la atmósfera.

DOI:

Publication date: February 25, 2022

Issue: Terroir 2000

Type: Article

Authors

Montero F.J., de Juan J.A., Sajardo E., Cuesta A. and Martínez E.

Tags

IVES Conference Series | Terroir 2000

Citation

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