Terroir 1996 banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 El Malvasía en la isla de la Palma

El Malvasía en la isla de la Palma

Abstract

El tema que me corresponde tratar en esta mini conferencia sobre “Caracterización vitivinícola de las Malvasías en Canarias”, es por razones obvias la parte que atañe a la Isla de La Palma.
Voy a comenzar por la faceta histórica, para pasar luego a la tradición, zonas de cultivo, descripción de la parra, modalidad cultural, el vino y sus atributos organolépticos.
Hablar del malvasía de Canarias es mencionar al malvasía que más fama ha alcanzado a escala universal. William Shakespeare que vivió entre 1564 y 1616 lo inmortalizó citándolo en alguna de sus obras, lo mismo que Sir Walter Scott en la época romántica. Pero fue el veneciano Carlo Goldoni (1707-1792) quien contribuyó a populalizarlo, al citarlo en multitud de ocasiones a través de una extensa producción teatral que alcanzó las 250 obras. Como ejemplo de esta popularidad hay una calle que lleva el nombre de “Malvasía” en la ciudad de Treviso, cercana a Venecia.
Pero hablar del malvasía de Canarias no es hablar de algo mítico; es hablar de algo tangible que continúa en la actualidad y al parecer con renovadas ansias de popularizarlo de nuevo. Estas iniciativas son dignas de aplauso.
A la isla de La Palma le corresponde un protagonismo fundamental en este aspecto. Sin duda alguna las parras llegaron a la isla procedentes de Madeira y de allí pasaron al resto de las islas productoras.
Madeira fue descubierta en 1418 por Juan Gonçalvez Zarco y pronto fue colonizada. La Palma, cuya conquista tuvo lugar en 1493, se aprovechó de la cercanía de Madeira para su desarrollo agrícola y ganadero. Cuando La Palma fue incorporada a la corona española, Madeira llevaba ya 75 años como isla colonizada, con una importante estructura productiva.
La tradición oral también dice que llegaron a La Palma sarmientos de malvasía procedentes de la isla de Lípari, cercana a Sicilia, donde se conserva actualmente una pequeña producción semejante en métodos y calidad a la malvasía palmera.
Voy a basar esta pequeña charla en mi experiencia como viticultor-bodeguero y en una larga tradición familiar que arranca de mis antepasados en torno al año 1700. Uno de mis bisabuelos, Pedro Cabrera, fue el principal cosechero de malvasía dulce de la isla de La Palma y falleció prematuramente en Cuba a finales del siglo XIX. Con su desaparición se interrumpe la producción familiar a gran escala, que recuperó mi extinto padre Elías Carballo Cabrera en torno a 1945, y quien en 1957 realizó la última exportación de vino malvasía dulce a la isla de Cuba. A mí me ha correspondido potenciar y modernizar la producción. Otras familias de la zona de Fuencaliente como los Morera, los Hernández Monterrey o los Hernández Díaz, han sido también destacados productores.
La producción principal de malvasía quedó reducida a Fuencaliente, junto a pequeñas cantidades en el Hoyo de Mazo y Las Breñas.
La microzona de los Llanos Negros, situada en el término municipal de Fuencaliente, al pie del volcán de San Antonio (1677), reviste unas características muy especiales: Es un terreno cubierto de picón, procedente del mencionado volcán, cuyo espesor es de 1.5 a 3 metros. El suelo anterior a la erupción está bajo la capa de picón que se asemeja a una inmensa esponja; se recarga de agua cuando llueve y la suministra al sistema radicular de la planta de forma paulatina. Por esta razón, para plantar la viña hay que excavar zanjas que lleguen al suelo productivo.
Esta microzona está situada a unos 450 metros de altitud sobre el nivel del mar y vuelta al suroeste, resguardada del alisio por el tramo final de la cordillera Cumbre Vieja-Teneguía. La pluviometría media en la década 1990-2000, fue de 385 litros por metro cuadrado y año, con lluvias procedentes del noroeste y suroeste, con algunas ocasionales del norte.
La parra de malvasía es la más vigorosa y la que tiene un mayor desarrollo leñoso, dándose el caso de parras con más de 100 años que aún conservan una buena producción. Es una variedad muy sensible al frío, al viento, a las enfermedades criptogámicas mildiu y oidio, y la más apetecida por los conejos. Pese a todo es la reina por la exquisita calidad de sus uvas para vinificar.
La variedad que se cultiva en Fuencaliente es la “blanca fina”, que tiene abundantes y largos sarmientos y unas hojas pentalobuladas con senos laterales tan marcados que la hacen fácilmente reconocible. Sus racimos son medianos, con baya elíptica pequeña de color ambarino y su producción es irregular.
La forma de cultivo es la de tendido bajo con horquetas para suspender las cepas y sarmientos de forma gradual y a medida que crecen los racimos captar mejor el calor del suelo.
En los Llanos Negros los rayos directos del sol entran avanzada la mañana para encontrarse con abundantes serenadas, donde el prolongado sol de la tarde confiere a los racimos un color inicial a manzanilla, que con la lenta maduración cambian a amarillo dorado y finalmente en la sobremaduración a oro viejo adornado con alegres pasas.
De aquí surge un vino dulce de poesía nacido en un lugar único, que tiene su más profundo secreto en la maduración prolongada y que con toda justicia se le ha descrito como un “tesoro enológico mundial”. ¿Por qué se le denomina así?. Este primor de vino, “boccata de Cardenali” según la expresión franca de un renombrado catador, es un vino naturalmente dulce cuya vinificación se realiza con las levaduras propias de la uva y cuya fermentación se para de forma natural debido a la alta concentración de azúcares que hay inicialmente en el mosto (18-19 ºBé).
La vendimia de sus uvas es la última; la cantidad de horas de exposición a la luz indirecta del sol por las mañanas y los suaves rescoldos de un sol sensual en los ocasos, hacen que se completen de una forma gradual los azúcares, para producir un caldo con fragancia de embrujo muy marcada, propio únicamente de un malvasía naturalmente dulce según la legislación. Fantásticos aromas, sabor dulce con acidez equilibrada y gusto sumamente delicado, que permanece largo tiempo en el paladar. En la imaginación del catador entran los colores, olores y sabores que se identifican con los más exquisitos de la naturaleza y que, con espontáneo entusiasmo, dedican a esta gloria fuencalentera, palmera y canaria.
En suma, un vino logrado en una microzona privilegiada, con un suelo singular en régimen de secano y la pluviometría adecuada, hijo de la reina de las parras, bendecido por el toque y encanto natural conferido por sus propias levaduras; en fin, un vino para aperitivo o postre, una auténtica ambrosía que no puede faltar en las grandes celebraciones y que ha dado renombre a la Isla junto a otras producciones emblemáticas como la seda y el tabaco.
Estamos ante un producto exquisito de primer orden que no ha sido suficientemente valorado y que tiene una fama histórica bien ganada. Esperamos los productores que este vino vuelva a ocupar un lugar merecido como uno de los mejores entre los mejores del mundo.
Deseamos que la cata que al final de este acto se va a realizar confirme estas palabras.

DOI:

Publication date: February 24, 2022

Issue: Terroir 2000 

Type: Article

Authors

ANTONIO CARBALLO PÉREZ

Tags

IVES Conference Series | Terroir 2000

Citation

Related articles…

Late season canopy management practices to reduce sugar loading and improve color profile of Cabernet-Sauvignon grapes and wines in the high irradiance and hot conditions of California Central Valley

Global warming is accelerating grape ripening, leading to unbalanced wines from fruit with high sugar content but poor aroma and colour development. Reducing the size of the photosynthetic apparatus after veraison has been shown to delay technological ripeness in cool climates, but methods have not been tested in areas with high irradiance and temperature where fruit exposure could have disastrous effects on berry composition. In this Cabernet-Sauvignon trial, we compared the application of an antitranspirant (pinolene), to severe canopy topping and above bunch zone leaf removal, all performed at mid-ripening, with an untouched control. We monitored the vines weekly by measuring stem water potential, gas exchange, fruit zone light exposure. We sampled berries to measure berry weight, total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, and the anthocyanin profile. At harvest, we assessed yield components, measured carbon isotope discrimination, rated sunburn on clusters, and produced experimental wines. We submitted harvest samples to metabolomic profiling through PFP-Q Exactive MS/MS and wines to sensory analysis. Application of the antitranspirant significantly reduced stomatal conductance and assimilation rate but did not affect the stem water potential. Inversely, leaf removal and topping increased water potential but did not affect leaf gas exchange. The late topping was the only treatment able to decrease sugar content (up to 2Bx), increase titratable acidity and pH, and improve anthocyanin content because of lower degradation of di-hydroxylated forms. Late leaf removal above the bunch zone increased lightning conditions in the canopy and produced the most significant damage on fruits. Yield components were not affected. This work suggests that late-season canopy management can effectively control ripening speeds and improve grapes and wines. Still, the effect on grape exposure in a critical time must be well balanced to avoid problems with the appropriate technique.

Climate change impacts on Douro Region viticulture and adaptation measures

Climate has a significant impact in the success of any agricultural system, with a direct influence on the crops suitability to a given region, interfering on yield and quality and also with the economic sustainability of the productive activity. In the Douro Demarcated Region (RDD), as in most regions of the Mediterranean climate, the scarce precipitation (33% has less than 600 mm per year), and your high variability, associated with high rates of evapotranspiration during the summer, is usually one of the fundamental factors that limit the grapevine development, as well as the production and quality of the harvest. Thus, facing the scenario in temperature changes for the next decades (1.5-2.5°C) and confirming the predictions of precipitation decreases and/or great variability in the occurrence of heat waves and intense rainfall, the consequences for slope stability in mountain viticulture and sustainability of all operations involved, are risks to be taken into account. In this way, a deepest and sustained knowledge regarding the adaptation measures to adverse environmental conditions is of a crucial importance, enabling a more efficient adaptation of plant growth conditions and the optimization of production and quality of the grapevines. The development of this work, carried out in two commercial vineyards, one located in Soutelo do Douro, São João da Pesqueira, Cima Corgo sub-region, and another located in Numão, Vila Nova de Foz Côa, Douro Superior sub-region, it seeks to establish a relationship between climatic elements and physiological, productive and qualitative parameters, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of adaptation measures, including different types of deficit irrigation (2002-2019) and the application of shading nets (2019-2020) in the physiological, viticultural and oenological behavior in the Touriga Nacional and Moscatel Galego Branco varieties, respectively. The results showed that the application of deficit irrigation allowed to significantly reduce the impact of the adverse weather conditions at key moments in the development of the grapevine, particularly in the period immediately before veráison and maturation, reducing the negative effects on the physiological processes and productivity, without compromise the must quality parameters. On the other hand, the application of shading nets significantly reduced de leaves temperature, allowing to increase the water potential, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate of grapes, which was reflected in the yield increase in the 2nd year of the study. For the maturation indicators, higher levels of total acidity, malic acid and assimilable nitrogen were obtained. The last measure presents a huge potential, being essential to carry out more years of trials to obtain stronger conclusions in terms of production parameters, but also in characteristics as important as the grape ripening components and the organoleptic characteristics of wines.

Assessment of climate change impacts on water needs and growing cycle on grapevine in three DOs of NE Spain

This study assessed the suitability of grapevine growing in three DOs (Empordà, Pla de Bages and Penedès) of Catalonia (NE Spain) over the 21st century. For this purpose, an estimation of water needs and agroclimatic and phenological indicators was made. Climate change impacts were estimated at 1 km pixel resolution using temperature and precipitation projections from several general circulation models (GCM) and two climate change scenarios: RCP 4.5 (stabilization scenario) and RCP 8.5 (worst-case scenario). Potential crop evapotranspiration (following FAO procedure) and a daily water balance considering soil water holding capacity were used to estimate actual evapotranspiration of vines and, finally, water needs. Dynamics would be similar in the three DOs studied although the magnitude of impact differs. Water needs would be 2 and 3 times greater (ranging from 0 to more than 1500 m3/ha) than current water needs at both climate change scenarios. Moreover, blooming date would advance from 3 to 6 weeks, harvest date from 1 to 2.5 months, resulting in growing cycles from 10 to 80 days shorter. It should also be noted that frost risk would decrease from 6 to 76%, the number of days with temperatures above 30ºC during ripening would rise from 48 to 500% and tropical nights (minimum temperature >20ºC) at ripening would increase from 28 to 150%, depending on the scenario and the DOs. The impacts of climate change in the three DOs could result in significant limitations for grapevine cultivation and wine production if adaptive strategies are not applied. This result could serve as a basis for the design of specific and particular adaptation strategies to improve and maintain vineyards in the DOs studied and could be extrapolated to similar DOs and regions.

Climate modeling at local scale in the Waipara winegrowing region in the climate change context

In viticulture, a warming climate can have a very significant impact on grapevine development and therefore on the quality and characteristics of wines across different spatial scales, ranging from global to local. In order to adapt wine-growing to climate change, global climate models can be used to define future scenarios, but only at the scale of major wine regions. Despite the huge progress made over the last ten years in terms of the spatial resolution of climate models (now downscaled to a few square kilometres), they are not yet sufficiently precise to account for the local climate variability associated with such parameters as local topography, in spite of these parameters being decisive for vine and wine characteristics. This study describes a method to downscale future climate scenarios to vineyard scale. Networks of data loggers have been used to collect air temperature at canopy level in the Waipara winegrowing region (New Zealand) over five growing seasons. These measurements allow the creation of fine-scale geostatistical models and maps of temperature (at 100 m resolution) for the growing season. In order to model climate change at pilot site scale, these geostatistical models have been combined with regional climate change predictions for the periods 2031-2050 and 2081-2100 based on the RCP8.5 climate change scenario. The integration of local climate variability with regionalized climate change simulations allows assessment of the impacts of climate change at the vineyard scale. The improved knowledge gained using this methodology results from the increased horizontal resolution that better addresses the concerns of winegrowers. The results provide the local winegrowers with information necessary to understand current processes, as well as historical and future viticulture trends at the scale of their site, thereby facilitating decisions about future response strategies.

Grape berry size is a key factor in determining New Zealand Pinot noir wine composition

Making high quality but affordable Pinot noir (PN) wine is challenging in most terroirs and New Zealand’s (NZ) situation is no exception. To increase the probability of making highly typical PN wines producers choose to grow grapes in cool climates on lower fertility soils while adopting labour intensive practices. Stringent yield targets and higher input costs necessarily mean that PN wine cost is high, and profitability lower, in line-priced varietal wine ranges. To understand the reasons why higher yielding vines are perceived to produce wines of lower quality we have undertaken an extensive study of PN in NZ. Since 2018, we established a network of twelve trial sites in three NZ regions to find individual vines that produced acceptable commercial yields (above 2.5kg per vine) and wines of composition comparable to “Icon” labels. Approximately 20% of 660 grape lots (N = 135) were selected from within a narrow juice Total Soluble Solids (TSS) range and made into single vine wines under controlled conditions. Principal Component Analysis of the vine, berry, juice and wine parameters from three vintages found grape berry mass to be most effective clustering variable. As berry mass category decreased there was a systematic increase in the probability of higher berry red colour and total phenolics with a parallel increase in wine phenolics, changed aroma fraction and decreased juice amino acids. The influence of berry size on wine composition would appear stronger than the individual effects of vintage, region, vineyard or vine yield. Our observations support the hypothesis that it is possible to produce PN wines that fall within an “Icon” benchmark composition range at yields above 2.5kg per vine provided that the Leaf Area:Fruit Weight ratio is above 12cm2 per g, mean berry mass is below 1.2g and juice TSS is above 22°Brix.