Terroir 1996 banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 Aspect juridiques des terroirs

Aspect juridiques des terroirs

Abstract

Le “terroir” est dans tous les discours, les articles, les étiquettes et les publicités. Le voca­ble est en situation d’utilisation euphorique. Indiscutablement l’emploi historique est agri­cole, puis viticole, mais il n’est jamais juridique.
Pourtant le concept de terroir a certainement un lieu avec les produits typiques qui en sont issus et qui sont réglementés. La même observation peut être faite pour les autres produits agricoles bruts ou transformés, voire les denrées alimentaires qui bénéficient d’une appella­tion d’origine protégée ou d’une indication géographique protégée au sens du Règlement (CEE) n° 2081/92 du 14 juillet 1992. De quoi parle-t-on lorsqu’on utilise le mot “terroir” et quelle peut être la place de ce concept dans le droit de la vigne et du vin?
L’étymologie est latine: terroir vient de “terra”, mais la sémantique est plus nuancée. Dans l’ancien français “terroir” s’applique à une terre de grande qualité, mais aussi au territoire exploité par une communauté rurale dont l’activité délimite le terroir en question. Le terroir désigne tout à la fois une spécificité agronomique (un terroir à fraises, un terroir à asperges … ) et la sphère d’activité d’un village, puis progressivement le terroir désigne seule­ment un lieu dont les caractéristiques naturelles donnent aux produits qui en sont issus leur typicité.
Historiquement l’usage du mot terroir, dans son application viticole, remonte aux XVIIème et XVIIIème siècles, moment aussi des premières délimitations (Chianti, Porto).
Le chemin de la connaissance empirique, puis scientifique, des terroirs a presque trois siè­cles. Quels sont les apports et les concepts des spécialistes de la viticulture?
Les responsables professionnels ont parlé de terroir en même temps que naissait l’appella­tion d’origine: “Une appellation d’origine est l’adéquation de cépages à un terroir. Un terroir, c’est un sol et les facteurs climatiques dont la conjonction donne une aire de production ..” pour le ministre français de l’agriculture Joseph Capus en 1935. Le baron Le Roy va dans le même sens “.. aussi célèbre que soit une commune, tous les terrains qui la composent ne sont pas aptes à produire des vins réputés”, une délimitation doit être faite fondée sur la nature géologique du terrain, ses caractères géographiques et son profil hydrique.
Le lien terroir-appellation d’origine est évident mais non empreint d’automaticité. L’étude des terroirs est une recherche des meilleures conditions possibles de production des vins. Progressivement le nombre de paramètres étudiés devient de plus en plus important dans la perspective d’une dichotomie: facteurs naturels – facteurs humains tirée de la définition de l’appellation d’origine définie par l’Arrangement de Lisbonne en 1958. A cet égard on peut relever qu’il y a pas totale unanimité parmi les scientifiques dans la qualification facteurs naturels-facteurs humains et dans leur interactivité.
Dans un premier temps on peut légitimement penser que le mot terroir s’applique exclu­sivement aux facteurs naturels de l’appellation d’origine. Mais la période récente montre abondamment le lien entre le terroir-facteurs naturels et les facteurs humains. Le produit final est la réponse, le miroir, du dialogue des facteurs naturels et des facteurs humains. Une “approche intégrée” du terroir viticole se dessine.
Pour d’autres produits agricoles ou denrées alimentaires on comprend bien que les travaux ne sont pas encore aussi nombreux et aussi approfondis. Il faut aussi noter que la relation facteurs naturels-facteurs humains est une relation qui peut être totalement déséquilibrée en privilégiant les uns ou les autres.
Par ailleurs terroir et appellation d’origine ne sont pas nécessairement liés, Une appellation d’origine est vraisemblablement fondée sur un terroir, mais un terroir peut exister en dehors d’un produit d’appellation d’origine.
Un produit désigné par une indication géographique peut être issu d’un terroir, si un effort de délimitation et d’adéquation des plantations a été réalisé. Un vin de table à indication géo­graphique au sens du droit communautaire (vin de pays en France; indication géographique typique en Italie) peut être issu d’un terroir.
A l’abondance scientifique viticole répond une faiblesse juridique apparente. Le mot “ter­roir” n’a pas de signification juridique particulière, c’est un nom commun pratiquement en libre usage.
Les textes nationaux et communautaires n’emploient pratiquement jamais le mot terroir. Partout il n’est question que “d’aire de production” ou de “zone de production”, sauf pour le Règlement (CEE) n° 3302/90 de la Commission du 15 novembre 1990 fixant les modalités d’application relatives aux transferts de droits de replantation de superficies viticoles qui définit le ” .. terroir de potentialités variétales .. “comme ” .. l’unité de milieu naturel, caractérisée par des données géomorphologiques, pédologiques et climatiques, pour laquelle il est fait un classement d’aptitude variétale”.
Les points de contact terroir-droit de la vigne et du vin apparaissent plus ou moins nom­breux. Néanmoins quand des efforts de distinctivité d’un produit, vin ou autre, sont réalisés le droit reprend sa place. Quand il y a terroir plus ou moins scientifiquement affirmé les pro­fessionnels qui désignent leur produit par le nom géographique du lieu de production souhaitent, dans leur intérêt et celui des consommateurs, réserver ce nom au produit élaboré dans une “région déterminée” pour les vins, dans une “zone de production” pour les autres produits agricoles. Progresser dans le sens de la définition des terroirs implique des procé­dures juridiquement définies de délimitation (I) et entraîne la volonté de protection des ter­roirs (II).

DOI:

Publication date: March 2, 2022

Issue: Terroir 1998

Type: Article

Authors

JACQUES AUDIER

Professeur à la Faculté de droit et de science politique d’Aix-Marseille.
Conseiller chargé des questions juridiques de l’Office International de la Vigne et du Vin. Membre du comité scientifique AOP-IGP auprès de la Commission européenne.

Tags

IVES Conference Series | Terroir 1998

Citation

Related articles…

The combined effects of climate, soils, and deficit irrigation on yield and quality of Touriga Nacional under high atmospheric demand in the Douro Region

Global warming is one of the biggest environmental, social and economic threats in several viticultural regions. In the Douro Valley, changes are expected in the coming years, namely an increase in temperature and a decrease in precipitation. These changes are likely to have consequences for the production and quality of wine.
The aim of this study was to explore the effects of different soil characteristics combined with several deficit irrigation strategies, managed throughout ETc references and predawn leaf water potentials thresholds, on physiology, yield, and qualitative attributes on the Touriga Nacional variety under years of mild to severe water and heat stress.
The studies were conducted over seven years (2015 to 2021) in two plots of a commercial vineyard located at Quinta do Ataíde (Symington Family Estates) planted in 2011 and 2014 at 170 meters elevation, growing under three water regimes: non-irrigated (NI) and two deficit irrigation strategies (30% and 60% ETc) assessed weekly by Ψpd. The site has an annual rainfall below 500 mm, with high atmospheric demand. Climate data was collected from a weather station, located on site. Berry ripening was followed weekly for fruit analysis. At harvest, yield, vigour and pruning weight per vine were determined from 90 vines by treatment. Each season at veraison the NDVI Index was accessed by a drone. The soils physic-chemistry in the experimental blocs were analysed and grouped by SWHC. Delta C-13 analyses were also performed per treatment in two years.Irrigation had a positive effect on yield per vine, mostly due to an increase in berry and cluster weight, and fertility index through the years. A significant increase in sugar content, colour and phenols was observed with deficit irrigation in some years, but vine vigour related to soil characteristics had by far the greatest impact on quality.

Photoselective shade films affect grapevine berry secondary metabolism and wine composition

Grapevine physiology and production are challenged by forecasted increases in temperature and water deficits. Within this scenario, photoselective overhead shade films are promising tools in warm viticulture areas to overcome climate change related factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the vulnerability of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grape berry to solar radiation overexposure and optimize shade film use for berry integrity. A randomized complete block design field study was conducted across two years (2020-2021) in Oakville, Napa Valley, CA, with four shade films (D1, D3, D4, D5) differing in the percent of radiation spectra transmitted and compared to an uncovered control (C0). Integrals for gas exchange parameters and mid-day stem water potential were unaffected by the shade films in 2020 and 2021. By harvest, berries from uncovered and shaded vines did not differ in their size or primary metabolism in either year. Despite precipitation exclusion during the dormant season in the shaded treatments, yield did not differ between them and the control in either season. In 2020, total skin anthocyanins (mg/g fresh mass) in the shaded treatments was greater than C0 during berry ripening and at harvest. Conversely, flavonol concentrations in 2020 were reduced in shaded vines compared to C0. The 2020 growing season highlighted the impact of heat degradation on flavonoids. Flavonoid concentrations in 2021 increased until harvest while flavonoid degradation was apparent from veraison to harvest in 2020 across shaded and control vines. Wine analyses highlighted the importance of light spectra to modify wine composition. Wine color intensity, tonality and anthocyanin values were enhanced in D4 whereas antioxidant properties were enhanced in C0 and D5 wines. Altogether, our results highlighted the need of new approaches in warm viticulture areas given the impact that composition of light has on berry and wine quality.

Rootstock regulation of scion phenotypes: the relationship between rootstock parentage and petiole mineral concentration

Grapevine is grown as a graft since the end of the 19th century. Rootstocks not only provide tolerance to Phylloxera but also ensure the supply of water and mineral nutrients to the scion. Rootstocks are an important mean of adaptation to environmental conditions, because the scion controls the typical features of the grapes and wine. However, among the large diversity of rootstocks worldwide, few of them are commercially used in the vineyard. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which rootstocks modify the mineral composition of the petioles of the scion. Vitis vinifera cvs. Cabernet-Sauvignon, Pinot noir, Syrah and Ugni blanc were grafted onto 55 different rootstock genotypes and planted in a vineyard as three replicates of 5 vines. Petioles were collected in the cluster zone with 6 replicates per combination. Petiolar concentrations of 13 mineral elements (N, P, K, S, Mg, Ca, Na, B, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, Al) at veraison were determined. Scion, rootstock and the interaction explained the same proportion of the phenotypic variance for most mineral elements. Rootstock genotype showed a significant influence on the petiole mineral element composition. Rootstock effect explained from 7 % for Cu to 25 % for S of the variance. The difference of rootstock conferred mineral status is discussed in relation to vigor and fertility. Rootstocks were also genotyped with 23 microsatellite markers. Data were analysed according to genetic groups in order to determine whether the petiole mineral composition could be related to the genetic parentage of the rootstock. Thanks to a highly powerful design, it is the first time that such a large panel of rootstocks grafted with 4 scions has been studied. These results give the opportunity to better characterize the rootstocks and to enlarge the diversity used in the vineyard.

Spatiotemporal patterns of chemical attributes in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon vineyards in Central California

Spatial variability of vine productivity in winegrapes is important to characterise as both yield and quality are relevant for the production of different wine styles and products. The objectives were to understand how patterns of variability of Cabernet Sauvignon fruit composition changed over time and space, how these patterns could be characterised with indirect measurements, and how spatial patterns of the variation in fruit compositional attributes can aid in improving management. Prior to the 2017 vintage, 125 data vines were distributed across each of four vineyards in the Lodi American Viticultural Area (AVA) of California. Each data vine was sampled at commercial harvest in 2017, 2018, and 2019. Yield components and fruit composition were measured at harvest for each data vine, and maps of yield and fruit composition were produced for eight ‘objective measures of fruit quality’: total anthocyanins, polymeric tannins, quercetin glycosides, malic acid, yeast assimilable nitrogen, β-damascenone, C6 alcohols and aldehydes, and 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine. Patterns of variation in anthocyanins and phenolic compounds were found to be most stable over time. Given this relative stability, management decisions focused on fruit quality could be based on zonal descriptions of anthocyanins or phenolics to increase profitability in some vineyards. In each vineyard, dormant season pruning weights and soil cores were collected at each location, elevation and soil apparent electrical conductivity surveys were completed, and remotely sensed imagery was captured by fixed wing aircraft and two satellite platforms at major phenological stages. The data collected were used to develop relationships among biophysical data, soil, imagery, and fruit composition. The standardised and aggregated samples from four vineyards over three seasons were included in the estimation of ‘common variograms’ to assess how this technique could aid growers in producing geostatistically rigorous maps of fruit composition variability without cumbersome, single season sampling efforts.

The impact of leaf canopy management on eco-physiology, wood chemical properties and microbial communities in root, trunk and cordon of Riesling grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.)

In the last decades, climate change required already adaptation of vineyard management. Increase in temperature and unexpected weather events cause changes in all phenological stages requiring new management tools. For example, defoliation can be a useful tool to reduce the sugar content in the berries creating differences in the wine profiles. In a ten-year field experiment using Riesling (Vitis vinifera L, planted 1986, Geisenheim, Germany), various mechanical defoliation strategies and different intensities were trialed until 2016 before the vineyard was uprooted. Wood was sampled from the plant compartments root, trunk, cordon and shoot for analyses of physicochemical properties (e.g. lignin and element content, pH, diameter), nonstructural carbohydrates and the microbial communities. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of reduced canopy leaf area on the sink-source allocation into different compartments and potential changes of the fungal and prokaryotic wood-inhabiting community using a metabarcoding approach. Severe summer pruning (SSP) of the canopy and mechanical defoliation (MDC) above the bunch zone decreased the leaf area by 50% compared to control (C). SSP reduced the photosynthetic capacity, which resulted in an altered source-sink allocation and carbohydrate storage. With lower leaf area, less carbohydrates are allocated. This for example resulted in a decreased trunk diameter. Further, it affected the composition of the grapevine wood microbiota. SSP and MDC management changed significantly the prokaryotic community composition in wood of the root samples, but had no effect in other compartments. In general, this study found strong compartment and less management effects of the microbial community composition and associated physicochemical properties. The highest microbial diversities were identified in the wood of the trunk, and several species were recorded the first time in grapevine.