Characterization and biological effects of extracts from winery by-products

The elemental composition (the ionome) of grape leaves is an important indicator of nutritional
health, but its genetic architecture has received limited scientific attention. In this study, we
analyzed the leaf ionome of 131 interspecific F1 hybrid progeny from a Vitis rupestris (♀) X Vitis
riparia (♂) cross. The progeny were replicated in New York, South Dakota, Southwest Missouri ad Central Missouri, and the concentration of 20 elements were measured in their leaves at
three different phenological stages during the growing season. In leaves collected at the apical node at anthesis, elemental concentrations correlated in a consistent manner (p < 0.05) across all four geographic locations. In subsequent phenological stages, elemental ratios in the apical-node leaves remained consistent across the South Dakota and New York sites, but not across the Missouri sites. In leaves collected at the basal and middle nodes, correlations varied greatly across all locations.

Grape phenolic content is an important quality factor that influences the appearance and mouthfeel of premium red wines.

Grapevine leaf removal (LR) in the cluster area is typically done between fruit set and cluster closure to create an unfavorable microclimate for fungal diseases, such as Botrytis cinerea and powdery mildew. Grape growers are now turning their attention to pre-flowering LR, which has additional benefits under certain conditions. When applied before flowering, LR strongly affects fruit set and thus the number of berries per cluster. It is therefore a good yield control tool, replacing time-consuming manual cluster thinning (Poni et al. 2006). It also improves berry structure, that is, skin thickness, skin-to-pulp ratio, and berry composition (total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and polyphenols) (Palliotti et al. 2012; Komm and Moyer 2015). By exacerbating competition for assimilates between reproductive and vegetative organs, pre-flowering LR also poses some risks. Excessive yield loss at the same year’s harvest due to a too low fruit set rate is the main concern: intensive pre-flowering LR (100% of the cluster area) can induce up to 50% yield loss in potted vines (Poni et al. 2005). Other parameters, such as cool climatic conditions during flowering, also affect fruit set rate and make it difficult to predict potential yield at harvest. Repeated and overly intensive preflowering LR can have repercussions over time and induce a decline in bud fruiting and plant vigor (Risco et al. 2014).

Plants have been shown to redistribute water between root sections and soil layers along a gradient of decreasing water availability. One benefit of this hydraulic redistribution is that water can be transported from roots in wet soil to others in dry soil, delaying the onset of water stress and increasing root longevity in dry environments. Grapevines are thought to redistribute water laterally across the trunk from wet to dry portions of the root system. However, it is unknown whether the phloem contributes to such water redistribution.

Ethyl acetate (EtOAc) is the main ester present in all wines, generally produced by yeasts during alcoholic fermentation and sometimes by bacteria during barrel ageing. Its odor is characterized by solvent notes, which give wines their acescent note [1].