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IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 OIV 9 OIV 2024 9 Orals - Oenology, methods of analysis 9 Role of PH and its management during vinification on the extraction during maceration and on the evolution during ageing of the phenolic compounda of red wine

Role of PH and its management during vinification on the extraction during maceration and on the evolution during ageing of the phenolic compounda of red wine

Abstract

Climatic changes cause significant variations in the composition of grapes. For red grapes, a mismatch between pHenolic and technological ripening is often observed. There is also often a marked increase in pH and a reduction in fixed acids, which affect the stability and evolution of the wine during ageing. These experiments will provide more information on the role of pH during the winemaking of red wines on the extraction and evolution of pHenolic compounds. On the basis of an initial study carried out on malvidin in hydroalcoholic solution, which showed that the solubility of malvidin decreased about fivefold as the pH increased from 3 to 4, and that copigmentation produced higher absorbance values at 520 nm in solutions at pH 3 than in those at pH 4, experiments were carried out on aglianico grapes, using grapes at pH 3.9, which were crushed and divided into three aliquots with a constant ratio of solids to must. The pH of the first aliquot was adjusted to 3.5 and the second to 3.2. After racking, the wines were analysed and the results showed a trend consistent with the model solution for anthocyanins, but with less pronounced differences due to the different pH levels. The results of the study showed that catechin and epicatechin concentrations increased with higher pH in the wines, while tannin levels were unaffected by pH. This finding is surprising because a higher pH in red wine is usually associated with a less astringent taste. To clarify this, the researchers used the salivary protein index (spi) to examine the interaction of the wines with saliva. The analysis showed that the most acidic wine had the highest spi in agreement with previous studies that have also highlighted the role of pH in the binding of salivary proteins and tannins in wine.  Finally, we evaluated the effect of the timing of acidification: are there differences between acidification practices carried out on musts or wines? To answer this question, the experiment carried out on the musts was integrated by acidifying the musts at pH 3.5 and 3.9 to bring them to a value of 3.2. Seven wines were made from the same batch of grapes, from a first tank with an initial pH of 3.2 and two other tanks in which the pH was adjusted to 3.5 and 3.9. On the third day of fermentation and one week after the end of the maceration process, aliquots of both 3.5w and 3.9w were treated to lower pH to produce four more wines. After one year of ageing, the wines treated to pH 3.2 differed significantly from the control in terms of acetaldehyde, protein-reactive tannins and polymeric pigments. Acidification was more pronounced after the fermentation-maceration process. The data indicate that the timing of acidification has a significant effect on the polymerisation reactions that typically occur during wine ageing.

Role du pH et de sa gestion en cours de vinification sur l’extraction pendant la  maceration et l’évolution des composés pHénoliques au cours du vieillissement d’un vin rouge

Les changements climatiques entraînent des variations importantes dans la composition des raisins. Pour les raisins rouges, on observe souvent un déséquilibre entre la maturation pHénolique et la maturation technologique. On observe également souvent une augmentation marquée du pH et une diminution des acides fixes, ce qui affecte la stabilité et l’évolution du vin au cours du vieillissement. Dans cette étude, des expériences ont été menées afin d’apporter plus d’informations sur le rôle du pH lors de la vinification des vins rouges sur l’extraction et l’évolution des composés pHénoliques. Sur la base d’une première étude réalisée sur la malvidine en solution hydroalcoolique, qui a montré que la solubilité de la malvidine diminuait d’environ cinq fois lorsque le pH passait de 3 à 4, et que la copigmentation produisait des valeurs d’absorbance à 520 nm plus élevées dans les solutions de pH 3 que dans les solutions de pH 4, des expériences ont été réalisées sur des raisins aglianico, en utilisant des raisins de pH 3,9, écrasés et divisés en trois aliquotes avec un rapport constant entre les matières solides et le moût. Le pH de la première aliquote a été ajusté à 3,5 et celui de la deuxième à 3,2. Après soutirage, les vins ont été analysés et les résultats ont montré une tendance cohérente avec la solution modèle pour les anthocyanes, mais avec des différences moins prononcées dues aux différents niveaux de pH. Les résultats ont montré que les concentrations de catéchine et d’épicatéchine augmentent avec le pH du vin, alors que les teneurs en tanins ne sont pas affectées par le pH. Ce résultat est surprenant car un pH plus élevé dans le vin rouge est généralement associé à un goût moins astringent. Pour clarifier cet aspect, les chercheurs ont utilisé le salivary protein index (spi) pour examiner l’interaction des vins avec la salive. L’analyse a montré que le vin le plus acide avait le spi le plus élevé, en accord avec des études antérieures qui ont mis en évidence le rôle du pH dans la liaison des protéines salivaires et des tanins dans le vin. Enfin, nous avons évalué l’effet du moment de l’acidification: existe-t-il des différences entre les pratiques d’acidification effectuées sur les moûts ou les vins? Pour répondre à cette question, l’expérience réalisée sur les moûts a été intégrée en acidifiant les moûts à des pH de 3,5 et 3,9 pour les amener à une valeur de 3,2. Sept vins ont été élaborés à partir du même lot de raisins, d’une première cuve avec un pH initial de 3,2 et de deux autres cuves dans lesquelles le pH a été ajusté à 3,5 et 3,9. Le troisième jour de la fermentation et une semaine après la fin du processus fermentaire, des aliquotes de 3,5w et de 3,9w ont été traitées pour abaisser le pH afin de produire quatre vins supplémentaires. Après un an de vieillissement, les vins traités à un pH de 3,2 différaient significativement du contrôle en termes d’acétaldéhyde, de tanins réactifs aux protéines et de pigments polymériques. L’acidification était plus prononcée après le processus de fermentation-macération. Les données indiquent que le moment de l’acidification a un effet significatif sur les réactions de polymérisation qui se produisent généralement pendant le vieillissement du vin.

Ruolo del pH e della sua gestione durante la vinificazione sull’estrazione durante la macerazione e sull’evoluzione durante l’invecchiamento dei composti fenolici del vino rosso

I cambiamenti climatici causano variazioni significative nella composizione delle uve. Per le uve rosse, si osserva spesso uno squilibrio tra maturazione fenolica e tecnologica. Spesso si verifica anche un marcato aumento del pH e una riduzione degli acidi fissi, che influiscono sulla stabilità e sull’evoluzione del vino durante l’invecchiamento. In questo studio sono stati condotti esperimenti finalizzati a fornire maggiori informazioni sul ruolo del pH durante la vinificazione dei vini rossi sull’estrazione e sull’evoluzione dei composti fenolici. Sulla base di un primo studio condotto sulla malvidina in soluzione idroalcolica, che ha mostrato come la solubilità della malvidina diminuisse di circa cinque volte all’aumentare del pH da 3 a 4, e come la copigmentazione producesse valori di assorbanza a 520 nm più elevati nelle soluzioni a pH 3 rispetto a quelle a pH 4, sono stati condotti esperimenti su uve aglianico, utilizzando uve a pH 3,9, pigiate e divise in tre aliquote con un rapporto costante tra solidi e mosto. Il pH della prima aliquota è stato regolato a 3,5 e quello della seconda a 3,2. Dopo la svinatura, i vini sono stati analizzati e i risultati hanno mostrato una tendenza coerente con la soluzione modello per gli antociani, ma con differenze meno pronunciate dovute ai diversi livelli di pH. I risultati hanno mostrato che le concentrazioni di catechina ed epicatechina aumentano con l’aumentare del pH dei vini, mentre i livelli di tannini non sono influenzati dal pH. Questo risultato è sorprendente perché un pH più alto nel vino rosso è solitamente associato a un gusto meno astringente. Per chiarire questo aspetto, i ricercatori hanno utilizzato il salivary protein index (spi) per esaminare l’interazione dei vini con la saliva. L’analisi ha mostrato che il vino più acido aveva l’spi più alto, in accordo con studi precedenti che hanno evidenziato il ruolo del pH nel legame delle proteine salivari e dei tannini nel vino. Infine, abbiamo valutato l’effetto del momento dell’acidificazione: ci sono differenze tra le pratiche di acidificazione effettuate sui mosti o sui vini? Per rispondere a questa domanda, l’esperimento condotto sui mosti è stato integrato acidificando i mosti a pH 3,5 e 3,9 per portarli a un valore di 3,2. Dalla stessa partita di uve sono stati ottenuti sette vini, da una prima vasca con un pH iniziale di 3,2 e da altre due vasche in cui il pH è stato regolato a 3,5 e 3,9. Il terzo giorno di fermentazione e una settimana dopo la svinatura, aliquote di 3,5w e 3,9w sono state trattate per abbassare il pH e produrre altri quattro vini. Dopo un anno di invecchiamento, i vini trattati a pH 3,2 differivano significativamente dal controllo in termini di acetaldeide, tannini reattivi alle proteine e pigmenti polimerici. L’acidificazione è stata più pronunciata dopo il processo di fermentazione-macerazione. I dati indicano che il momento dell’acidificazione ha un effetto significativo sulle reazioni di polimerizzazione che si verificano tipicamente durante l’invecchiamento del vino.  

Publication date: November 18, 2024

Issue: OIV 2024

Type: Article

Authors

Angelita Gambuti¹, Martino Forino², Luigi Picariello², Francesco Errichiello², Alessandra Rinaldi², Luigi Moio²

¹ Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Federico II Napoli – Via Matteotti 54, Avellino, Italy
² Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Federico II Napoli – Via Università 100, Portici, Italy

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IVES Conference Series | OIV | OIV 2024

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