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IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 OIV 9 OIV 2024 9 Short communications - Oenology, methods of analysis 9 Yeasts protein extracts: new low impact tool for wine protein stability

Yeasts protein extracts: new low impact tool for wine protein stability

Abstract

Yeast protein extracts (ypes) have flocculating properties, allowing clarification of musts and wines. They are already authorized by OIV for fining purposes with a maximum dosage limit of 60 g/hl for red wines, and 30 g/hl for musts, white and rosè wines. The extraction of ypes from the cytoplasm of yeasts (saccharomyces spp) cells is defined by the resolution OIV OENO 452-2012, that indicate also some specification of the final product. In particular, the total protein content must be greater than 50% of the dry product, and at least 50% of the total proteins must have molecular weights higher than 15 kda. Ypes are very complex mixtures, and their composition and further activities are influenced by the yeast strains and extraction processes. Some authors highlighted that some yeast proteins showed an isoelectric point below common wine ph, which means they show a negative electric charge (Noriega-Dominguez et al., 2010) and, consequently, could be expected to interact with positively charged wine proteins.  In view of this specific character of negative electrical charge, several experimental trials were carried out on different unstable aromatic white wines in northern italy and croatia. First of all, the chemical properties of an ype and its effectiveness against wine protein instability were evaluated. In the second step, the effects of different dosages (from 5 to 60 g/hl) and treatment times (from 2 and 10 hours) were investigated. A qualitative analysis of ype was carried out by the determination of potential with electrophoretic light scattering (els) and electrical charge by streaming potential.  Instead, the effect of ype addition at different dosages and times was evaluated considering several analytical parameters: turbidity, some protein stability tests, and protein content by hplc analysis. Different experiments were carried out in small laboratory volumes and in real cellar conditions on aromatic white wines. All experiments and analyses were performed in triplicate, and the results are elaborated by a one-way analysis of variance. The potential determinations highlighted a negative electric charge of the chosen ype and its potential to interact with wine pr-proteins. The protein contents and the stability indices of the wines after ype treatments at different dosages and times were well correlated. The ype addition, after 4 hours and at 20 or 30 g/hl, allowed a decrease of pr-protein content ranging between 40 and 50 %. The trials of ype addition at 25 and 50 g/hl on aromatic wines allowed a significant increase in protein wine stability, as measured by the protein charge neutralization test.  The almost increase of pr-proteins content at longer treatment times could indicate a reversible interaction with ypes, as pointed out by the stability indices. Treatment time becomes a fundamental factor to be considered to ensure ype effectiveness against pr-proteins and the partial protein stabilization of white wines.  The best results were obtained in general at 20-30 g/hl of ype concentration and 4 hours, which induced a significant decrease (40 to 50 %) of initial pr-protein concentration.  The experimental trials on unstable wines, in laboratory and cellar conditions, performed with different dosages and treatment times, confirmed the effectiveness of ype, and the results showed potential reversible interaction with haze-related proteins. The ype addition is significant for times above 4-6 hours, and its effects could disappear for longer times.   The yeast protein extract increased the protein stability of white wines, but it can’t allow their complete stabilization. The addition of ype could be considered a combined treatment with conventional ones, aimed at decreasing the amount of conventional fining agents (e.g bentonite) and preserving the wine aroma. The ype could represent a new tool for protein stabilization, focused on low-impact and precision enology.

Estratti proteici di lieviti: nuovo strumento a basso impatto per la stabilità proteica del vino 

Gli estratti proteici di lievito (epl) hanno proprietà flocculanti che consentono la chiarifica di mosti e vini e sono già autorizzati con un limite di dosaggio massimo di 60 g/hl per i vini rossi e 30 g/hl per mosti, vini bianchi e rosati. Il processo di estrazione dal citoplasma delle cellule di lievito (saccharomyces spp) è definito dall’OIV, OENO 452-2012. In particolare il contenuto proteico totale degli epl deve essere superiore al 50% del prodotto secco e almeno il 50% delle proteine deve avere pesi molecolari superiori a 15 kda. Alcuni autori hanno evidenziato che alcune proteine del lievito presentano un punto isoelettrico inferiore al ph del vino, ciò significa che hanno carica elettrica negativa (noriega-dominguez et al., 2010) e di conseguenza ci si potrebbe aspettare un’interazione con le proteine del vino che manifestano carica positiva. In considerazione di questa specificità della carica elettrica, nel presente lavoro sono state effettuate diverse prove sperimentali su vini bianchi aromatici nel nord italia e in croazia. Sono state valutate le proprietà chimiche degli epl e l’efficacia contro l’instabilità proteica del vino. In un secondo momento è stato valutato l’effetto del dosaggio (da 5 a 60 g/hl) e del tempo di trattamento (da 2 a 10 ore) dei diversi estratti proteici di lievito. Sono stati determinati il potenziale con diffusione elettroforetica della luce laser (els) e la carica elettrica mediante potenziale di flusso. Le determinazioni del potenziale  hanno evidenziato una carica elettrica negativa degli epl e il loro potenziale di interagire con le pr proteine del vino. L’effetto dell’aggiunta di epl a diversi dosaggi e tempi è stato valutato considerando diversi parametri analitici: torbidità, alcuni test di stabilità proteica e contenuto proteico mediante analisi hplc. Sono stati condotti diversi esperimenti in piccoli volumi di laboratorio e in condizioni reali di cantina su vini bianchi aromatici. Tutti gli esperimenti e le analisi sono stati eseguiti in triplo e i risultati sono elaborati mediante analisi di varianza (one-way anova). L’andamento del contenuto proteico dopo il trattamento è simile a quello degli indici di stabilità proteica utilizzati. L’aggiunta di epl, dopo 4 ore a 20 o 30 g/hl ha determinato una diminuzione del contenuto di proteine instabili compresa tra il 40 e il 50%. Le prove di aggiunta di epl a 25 e 50 g/hl su vini aromatici hanno consentito un aumento significativo della stabilità proteica del vino, misurata mediante il test di neutralizzazione della carica elettrica (protocheck). Il graduale aumento del contenuto di pr proteine a tempi di trattamento più lunghi potrebbe indicare un’interazione reversibile con gli epl, come evidenziato anche dagli indici di stabilità.  Il tempo di trattamento diventa quindi un fattore fondamentale da considerare per garantire l’efficacia di epl contro le pr proteine al fine di garantire la parziale stabilizzazione proteica dei vini bianchi. I migliori risultati sono stati ottenuti in generale con dosaggi di 20-30 g/hl con 4 ore di trattamento con una diminuzione significativa (dal 40 al 50%) di pr proteine. Le prove su vini instabili, in condizioni di laboratorio e di cantina, realizzate con dosaggi e tempi di trattamento diversi, hanno confermato l’efficacia stabilizzante degli epl, tuttavia e i risultati hanno evidenziato una potenziale interazione reversibile con le proteine. L’effetto degli epl è risultato significativo per tempi di trattamento da 4 a 6 ore, per tempi più lunghi si potrebbero avere scarsi effetti stabilizzanti.  L’aggiunta di epl può essere considerata come un trattamento da integrare con trattamenti convenzionali, al fine di ridurre la quantità di agenti chiarificanti come la bentonite e preservare l’aroma del vino.  L’epl rappresenta un nuovo strumento a disposizione per la stabilizzazione proteica dei vini pe un’enologia a basso impatto e di precisione.

Extraits protéiques de levures : nouvel outil à faible impact pour la stabilité protéique du vin 

Les extraits protéiques de levure (epl) ont des propriétés floculantes permettant la clarification des moûts et des vins et sont déjà autorisés pour les opérations de collage avec une limite de dosage de 60 g/hl pour les vins rouges, et 30 g/hl pour les moûts, et les vins blancs et rosés. Le processus d’extraction du cytoplasme des cellules de levures (saccharomyces spp) est défini par la résolution OIV OENO 452-2012. En particulier, la teneur totale en protéines des epl doit être supérieure à 50 % du produit sec et au moins 50 % des protéines totales doivent avoir des poids moléculaires supérieurs à 15 kda. Certains auteurs ont souligné que certaines protéines de levure présentaient un point isoélectrique inférieur au ph du vin, ce qui signifie qu’elles ont une charge électrique négative (noriega-dominguez et al., 2010) et on peut prévoir une interaction avec les protéines du vin qui ont une charge positive. En considérant ce caractère de charge électrique, plusieurs essais expérimentaux ont été réalisés sur différents vins blancs aromatiques instables en italie du nord et en croatie. Les propriétés chimiques des epl et l’efficacité contre l’instabilité des protéines du vin ont été évaluées. Dans une deuxième phase, on a étudié l’effet du dosage (de 5 à 60 g/hl) et de la durée du traitement (de 2 à 10 heures) des différents extraits protéiques de levure. On a réalisé la détermination du potentiel avec diffusion électrophorétique de la lumière laser (els) et de la charge électrique parppotentiel d’écoulement. Les déterminations du potentiel ont mis en évidence une charge électrique négative des extraits protéiques de levure et leur potentiel d’interaction avec les pr-protéines du vin. L’effet de l’ajout de epl à différentes doses et durées a été évalué en tenant compte de plusieurs paramètres analytiques: la turbidité, tests de stabilité protéique et la teneur en protéines par hplc. Différentes expérimentations ont été réalisées dans de petits volumes de laboratoire et en conditions réelles de cave sur des vins blancs aromatiques. Toutes les expériences et analyses ont été réalisées en triple et les résultats sont élaborés par analyse de variance (one-way anova). L’évolution de la teneur en protéines après traitement est similaire à celle des indices de stabilité. L’ajout de epl, après 4 heures à la dose de 20 ou 30 g/hl, a permis une diminution de la teneur en pr-protéines comprise entre 40 et 50 %. Les essais d’ajout de epl à 25 et 50 g/hl sur des vins aromatiques ont permis une augmentation significative de la stabilité protéique des vins, mesurée par le test protocheck de neutralisation de la charge électrique. La faible augmentation de la teneur en protéines avec des durées de traitement plus longues pourrait indiquer une interaction réversible avec les epl, comme le soulignent les indices de stabilité. Le temps de traitement devient donc un facteur fondamental à prendre en compte pour garantir l’efficacité de l’epl pour la stabilisation partielle des protéines des vins blancs. Les meilleurs résultats ont été obtenus au dosage de 20-30 g/hl et pendant 4 heures, ce qui a induit une diminution significative (40 à 50 %) de la concentration de protéines. Les essais, en condition de laboratoire et en cave, réalisés avec différents dosages et temps de traitement, ont confirmé l’efficacité de l’epl pour la stabilité protéique du vin. L’effet de l’epl est significatif après 4 à 6 heures et son efficacité pourrait disparaître pendant des périodes plus longues. L’ajout de epl pourrait être considéré comme un traitement combiné avec les traitements conventionnels, avec le but de limiter la quantité d’agents de clarification conventionnels comme la bentonite et à préserver l’arôme du vin. Les extraits protéiques de levure pourraient représenter un nouvel outil pour la stabilisation protéique du vin pour une œnologie à faible impact et de précision.

Publication date: November 18, 2024

Issue: OIV 2024

Type: Article

Authors

Emilio Celotti¹, Tomas Romàn², Adelaide Gallo², Roberto Larcher², Kristijan Damijanić³, Mario Staver³, Ivana Dminić Rojnić³, Petar Šegon³, Andrea Natolino¹

¹ University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, Udine, Italy
² Edmund Mach Foundation, Via Edmund Mach 1, San Michele all’Adige (TN), Italy
³ Agricultural Department, University of Applied Sciences, Karla Huguesa 6, Rijeka, Croatia

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Tags

IVES Conference Series | OIV | OIV 2024

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