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IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 OIV 9 OIV 2024 9 Short communications - Oenology, methods of analysis 9 Grape overripening as an innovation strategy in response to climate change

Grape overripening as an innovation strategy in response to climate change

Abstract

Today’s viticulture is facing a new climatic scenario with temperature increases and rainfall deficits, generated by the effect of climate change. As a result of these new conditions, there are earlier harvests, increased plant water stress and higher disease risk in wetter wine-growing regions. Consequently, musts are being obtained with alterations in their physicochemical composition, such as high potential alcohol, higher ph values, loss of acidity and changes in nitrogen composition, affecting the sensory profile of the wines produced. For this reason, short-term alternatives are being sought to take advantage of these new climatic conditions, focused on generating new winemaking processes as resilience strategies for adapting to climate change. In this sense, the practice of ‘asoleo’, or over-ripening grapes in the sun, could be a way to maintain as viticulture as the production of quality wines. On the other hand, new techniques could also be incorporated into the winemaking process, such as maceration with skins in white wines. The incorporation of grape skins during alcoholic fermentation will modulate the sensory properties of the wines. For all these reasons, a detailed study has been carried out on the evolution of different oenological parameters during the grape over-ripening stage and in the production of naturally sweet wines, as in the absence as in the presence of the skins. Different yeast strains, saccharomyces cerevisiae and saccharomyces cerevisiae bayanus, and must from two white grape varieties, ‘pedro ximénez’ and ‘palomino fino’, from the jerez-xérès-sherry do, whose wine-growing regions is considered to have a warm climate, were used. During the monitoring of the trials, the oenological parameters liked to over-ripening were characterised (pH, baumé degrees, free amino nitrogen (fan), total acidity, etc.), as well as in the grape musts once the sugar levels established in the trial had been reached and during the alcoholic fermentation of the musts (viable biomass evolution, fan and density). Once the grapes had reached the appropriate sugar level and were pressed to obtain the must, microvinifications were carried out using two commercial yeast strains, with and without the addition of skins from each of the grape varieties studied. The results of trials of ‘asoleo’ or over-ripening of grapes and the use of skins to make sweet wines could revolutionise the future of viticulture as in warm climate areas as other wine-growing regions.

La surmaturazione della vite come strategia di innovazione in risposta ai cambiamento climatico

La viticoltura odierna si trova ad affrontare un nuevo scenario climático con aumenti di temperatura e déficit di precipitazioni, generati dall’effetto dei cambiamento climático. A causa di queste nuove condizioni, nelle regioni vitivinicole più umide si registrano vendemmie anticípate, un maggiore stress idrico per le piante e un più alto rischio di malattie. Di conseguenza, si ottengono mosti con con alterazioni della composizione fisico-chimica, come un elevato alcohol potenziale, valori di ph più elevati, perdita di aciditá e cambiamenti nella composizione dell’azoto, che influiscono sul profilo sensoriale dei vini prodotti. Per questo motivo, si stanno cercando alternative a breve termine per sfrutarre queste nuevo condizioni climatiche, incentrate sulla generazione di nuovi processi di vinificazione come strategie di resilienza per adattarsi ai cambiamento climático. In questo senso, la pratica dell’ “asoleo”, ovvero la surmaturazione delle uve al sole, potrebbe essere un modo per mantenere sia la viticoltura che la produzione di vini di qualità. D’altra parte, nuove tecniche potrebbero anche essere incorporate nel proceso di vinificazione, come la macerazione con el bucce nei bianchi. L’incorporazione delle bucce d’uva durante la fermentazione alcolica modula le proprietá sensoriali dei vini. Per tutti questi motivi, è stato condotto uno studio dettagliato sull’evoluzione di diversi parametri enologici durante la fase di surmaturazione delle uve en ella produzione di vini naturalmente dolci, sia in assenza che in presenza delle bucce. Sono stati utilizzati diversi ceppi di lievito, saccharomyces cerevisiae e saccharomyces cerevisiae bayanus, e mosti di due varietà di uve bianche, “pedro ximénez” e “palomino fino”, proveniente dalla do jerez-xérès-sherry, la cui regione vitivinicola è considerata a clima caldo. Durante il monitoraggio delle prove, sono stati caratterizzati i parametri enologici legati allá surmaturazione (ph, gradi baumé, azoto facilmente assimilabile (afa), acidità totale, ecc.), nonché nei mosti d’uva una volta raggiunti i livelli zuccherini stabiliti nella prova e durante la fermentazione alcolica dei mosti (evoluzione della biomassa vitale, afa e densità). Una volta che le uva hanno raggiunto il livello zuccherino appropriato e sono state pressate per ottenere il mosto, sono state effettuate microvinificazioni utilizzandodue ceppi di lieviti commerciali, con e senza l’aggiunta di bucce ciuacuna delle varietà d’uva studiate. I risultati delle prove di “asoleo” o surmaturazione delle uve e l’uso delle bucce per la produzione di vini dolci potrebbero rivoluzionare il futuro della viticoltura sia nelle zone a clima caldo che in altre regioni vinicole.

Sobremaduración de uva como estrategia de innovación en respuesta al cambio climático

La viticultura actual se enfrenta a un nuevo escenario climático con incrementos de la temperatura y déficits pluviométricos, generados por el efecto del cambio climático. Como resultado de estas nuevas condiciones, se producen adelantos de la vendimia, aumentos del estrés hídrico en la planta y mayor riesgo de enfermedades en las regiones vitícolas más húmedas. Por consiguiente, se están obteniendo, mostos con alteraciones en su composición fisicoquímica, como un elevado alcohol potencial, valores más altos de ph, pérdida de acidez y modificaciones en la composición nitrogenada, afectándose el perfil sensorial de los vinos que se elaboran.  Por ello, se están buscando alternativas a corto plazo que permitan poder aprovechar estas nuevas condiciones climáticas enfocadas en generar nuevas elaboraciones de vinos como estrategias de resiliencia como adaptación al cambio climático. En este sentido, la práctica del “asoleo” o sobremaduración de uvas al sol, podría ser una vía para mantener tanto la viticultura como la producción de vinos de calidad. Por otro lado, también se podrían incorporar nuevas técnicas en el proceso de elaboración de los vinos, como puede ser la maceración con hollejos en vinos blancos. La incorporación de las pieles de las uvas durante la fermentación alcohólica va a modular las propiedades sensoriales de los vinos.  Por todo ello, se ha llevado a cabo un minucioso estudio de la evolución de diferentes parámetros enológicos durante la etapa de sobremaduración de la uva y en la elaboración de vinos naturalmente dulces, tanto en ausencia como en presencia de los hollejos. Para ello se emplearon diferentes cepas de levaduras, saccharomyces cerevisiae y saccharomyces cerevisiae bayanus, y mosto de dos variedades de uva blanca, ‘pedro ximénez’ y ‘palomino fino’, procedentes de la do jerez-xérès-sherry, cuya región vitícola es considerada de clima cálido. Durante el seguimiento de los ensayos se caracterizaron los parámetros enológicos vinculados a la sobremaduración (ph, grados baumé, nitrógeno fácilmente asimilable (nfa), acidez total, etc.), así como en los mostos de uva una vez alcanzado los niveles de azúcar establecidos en el ensayo y durante la fermentación alcohólica de los mostos (evolución de biomasa viable, nfa y densidad). Una vez alcanzado el nivel adecuado de azúcar en las uvas y prensadas para la obtención del mosto, se realizaron microvinificaciones mediante el empleo de dos cepas de levadura comerciales, con y sin adición de pieles de cada una de las variedades de uva estudiadas. Los resultados de los ensayos de “asoleo” o sobremaduración de la uva, así como la utilización de hollejos para elaborar vinos dulces podrían revolucionar el futuro de la vitivinicultura desarrollada tanto en zonas de clima cálido como en otras regiones vitícolas.

Publication date: November 18, 2024

Issue: OIV 2024

Type: Article

Authors

Pablo Andreu-García1, Ana Jiménez-Cantizano1, Pau Sancho-Galán2, Victor Palacios2, Remedios Castro-Mejías3 y Antonio Amores-Arrocha1

1 Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Área de Producción Vegetal, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentaria (ceiA3), IVAGRO, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain
2 Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Área de Tecnología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias, IVAGRO, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Agroalimentario de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), Apartado de Correos 40, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
3 Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentaria (ceiA3), IVAGRO, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain

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IVES Conference Series | OIV | OIV 2024

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