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IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 OIV 9 OIV 2024 9 Short communications - Oenology, methods of analysis 9 Linear sweep voltammetry to classify and characterize the antioxidant properties of tannins

Linear sweep voltammetry to classify and characterize the antioxidant properties of tannins

Abstract

In recent years, numerous studies have been carried out at the oiv on oenological tannins, both with regard to oenological properties and methods of characterization. The results of these recent studies have led to the revision of the general monograph and the drafting of four new monographs, one for each of the four chemical classes into which the tannins have been grouped: ellagitannins, gallotannins, procyanidins/prodelphinidins, profisetinidins/prorobinetinins. The european union allows the use of tannins for the protein stabilization, the clarification of musts and wines, the antioxidant and antioxidasic capacity, and for color stabilization of red wines. Among the properties of tannins, is particularly interesting the antioxidant capacity, which can be expressed as the ability to consume dissolved oxygen, to scavenge peroxyl radicals, to reduce fe(iii) to fe(ii) and/or to chelate the fe(ii) with the consequent suppression of oxidative evolution caused by fenton-based reaction. Despite the large use and great interest around oenological tannins, a lack of univocal information on the composition and antioxidant capacity of commercial products remains, probably due both to the variability of marketed products and to the difficulty in evaluating some important properties as the antioxidant capacity, especially when it is investigated in different kind of wines. Therefore, a complete and reliable description of oenological tannins should provide a variety of chemical tests considering different mechanisms of antioxidant action and the possibility of comparing these tests with the kinetics of oxygen consumption. Furthermore, these tests are often time-consuming and require the use of specific facilities. A rapid, clean, and user-friendly method for classifying tannins and their properties would be useful both for producers and for oenologists. In this work, 37 oenological tannins of different classes (7 ellagitannins, 7 gallotannins, 15 procyanidins / prodelphinidins, and 8 profisetinidins / prorobinetidins) were studied to investigate whether linear sweep voltammetry (lsv) could be a rapid method to determine the class of a commercial sample and its antioxidant capacity. Lsv results were compared with those obtained from nuclear magnetic resonance, polyphenol content (folin-ciocalteu method and gravimetric analysis), antiradical activity (dpph assay) and reducing capacity (frap assay). The classification of the samples based on the lsv data processed with the statistical techniques of pattern recognition allowed for the groupings between the samples of tannins according to the chemical families to which they belong, and the results are confirmed by the principal component analysis (pca). Furthermore, the lsv data were shown to be significantly correlated with the dpph parameter and the frap index. In addition, the comparison of such a wide range of commercial tannins with a multitechnique approach allowed to identify the specific antioxidant properties of the different classes of tannin and having an indication on which type could be more suitable depending on the antioxidant objective to achieve. Research must be further developed, in particular to orient the choice of oenologists towards tannins best suited to a specific purpose.

La voltampérométrie à balayage linéaire pour classifier les tannins et en caractériser les propriétés antioxydantes 

Ces dernières années l’OIV a réalisé de nombreuses études sur les propriétés et sur les méthodes de caractérisation des tannins oenologiques. Les résultats de ces études ont porté à la révision de la monographie générale et à la rédaction de quatre nouvelles monographies, une pour chacune des 4 classes chimiques où sont regroupés les tannins: ellagitannins, gallotannins, procyanidines/prodelfinidines et profisétidines/prorobinetidines. L’emploi des tannins œnologiques au sein de l’ue est admis pour la stabilisation des protéines et la clarification des moûts et des vins, pour l’action antioxydante et antioxydasique et pour l’effet stabilisant sur la couleur des vins rouges. Parmi les propriétés des tannins, l’action antioxydante est une des plus intéressantes et elle peut s’exprimer comme capacité de consommer l’oxygène dissout, de capturer les radicaux peroxydes, de réduire le fe(iii) en fe(ii) e/ou de chélater le fe(ii) avec le ralentissement conséquent de la réaction de fenton. Malgré l’emploi répandu et le fort intérêt pour les tannins œnologiques, on observe encore une connaissance limitée de la nature et des propriétés œnologiques des produits commercialisés, dont la composition est variable et l’évaluation des propriétés est complexe, notamment l’action antioxydante, surtout quand on l’évalue par comparaison de vins différents. Une évaluation complète et solide des tannins œnologiques devrait se baser sur une série de tests qui prennent en compte les différents mécanismes à l’origine de l’action antioxydante et sur la comparaison entre ces tests et les cinétiques de consommation de l’oxygène. En outre, les tests qui sont effectués sont souvent très longs et nécessitent de l’utilisation d’instruments particuliers. Il serait donc nécessaire de bénéficier d’une méthode rapide, simple et éco-compatible pour classifier les tannins et en caractériser les propriétés. Dans cette étude nous avons évalué trente-sept tannins appartenant à des classes différentes (7 ellagitannins, 7 gallotannins, 17 procyanidines/prodelfinidines et 8 profisétidines/prorobinetidines) dans le but de vérifier la possibilité d’utiliser la voltampérométrie à balayage linéaire pour en déterminer la classe d’appartenance et en décrire les propriétés antioxydantes. Les résultats de l’analyse voltampérometrique ont été comparés avec ceux obtenus par résonance magnétique nucléaire (rmn), avec les données relatives au contenu en polyphénols (méthode folin-ciocalteu et analyse gravimétrique), à l’activité anti-radicaux (test du dpph) et à la capacité de réduction (test frap). L’élaboration des donnés voltampérometriques, effectuée par des techniques statistiques de pattern recognition, a permis de différencier les tannins étudiés en fonction de leur classe chimique. Ces résultats ont été confirmés par l’analyse des composants principaux (acp), qui a montré que les paramètres voltampérometriques sono fortement liés avec les indices dpph e frap. En outre, en comparant un nombre élevé de tannins par des techniques différentes, on a pu identifier les propriétés antioxydantes de chaque classe et donner une indication générale sur la typologie de tannin la plus adaptée selon le but recherché. Ces résultats, qui devront être approfondis dans des études ultérieures, peuvent servir à orienter les choix des œnologues vers des tannins plus adaptés à des emplois spécifiques.

La voltammetria a scansione lineare per classificare i tannini e caratterizzarne le proprietà antiossidanti

Nel corso degli anni, presso l’oiv, sono stati condotti numerosi studi sulle proprietà e sui metodi di caratterizzazione dei tannini enologici. I risultati di questi studi hanno portato alla revisione della monografia generale ed alla redazione di quattro nuove monografie, una per ciascuna delle 4 classi chimiche in cui i tannini sono stati raggruppati: ellagitannini, gallotannini, procianidine/prodelfinidine e profisetidine/prorobinetinine. Nell’ue l’impiego dei tannini enologici è consentito per la stabilizzazione proteica e la chiarifica di mosti e vini, per l’azione antiossidante ed antiossidasica e per l’effetto stabilizzante sul colore dei vini rossi. Tra le proprietà dei tannini, è di particolare interesse l’azione antiossidante, che può essere espressa come la capacità di consumare l’ossigeno disciolto, di catturare i radicali perossidici, di ridurre il fe(iii) a fe(ii) e/o di chelare il fe(ii) con conseguente rallentamento della reazione di fenton. Malgrado l’impiego diffuso e il grande interesse per i tannini enologici, si rileva come esista ancora una carenza di conoscenze per quanto riguarda la natura e le proprietà enologiche dei prodotti in commercio, la cui composizione risulta variabile; è inoltre complessa la valutazione delle loro proprietà, nello specifico l’azione antiossidante, in particolare, quando la si valuti confrontando tra loro vini differenti. Una valutazione completa e robusta dei tannini enologici dovrebbe basarsi su una serie di test che considerino i diversi meccanismi che determinano l’azione antiossidante e sul confronto tra questi test e le cinetiche di consumo dell’ossigeno. Inoltre, i test che vengono effettuati richiedono spesso molto tempo e l’utilizzo di strumentazione specifica. Sarebbe pertanto necessario disporre di un metodo rapido, semplice ed ecocompatibile per classificare i tannini e caratterizzarne le proprietà. Nel corso del presente lavoro sono stati studiati trentasette tannini appartenenti a classi differenti (7 ellagitannini, 7 gallotannini, 17 procianidine/prodelfinidine ed 8 profisetidine/prorobinetinine) allo scopo di verificare la possibilità di impiego della voltammetria a scansione lineare (linear sweep voltammetry, lsv) per determinarne la classe di appartenenza e descriverne le proprietà antiossidanti. I risultati dell’analisi voltammetrica sono stati confrontati con quelli ottenuti dalla risonanza magnetica nucleare (nuclear magnetic resonance, nmr), con i dati relativi al contenuto polifenolico (metodo del folin-ciocalteu e analisi gravimetrica), all’attività antiradicalica (test del dpph) ed alla capacità riducente (frap test). L’elaborazione dei dati voltammetrici, condotta impiegando tecniche statistiche di pattern recognition, ha permesso di discriminare i tannini studiati in funzione della classe chimica di appartenenza. Questi risultati sono stati confermati dall’analisi delle componenti principali (principal component analysis, pca). I parametri voltammetrici sono risultati essere significativamente correlati con gli indici dpph e frap. Inoltre, paragonando un ampio numero di tannini con diverse tecniche, si è potuto individuare le proprietà antiossidanti di ciascuna classe e dare un’indicazione generale sulla tipologia di tannino più adatta a seconda dello scopo ricercato. Questi risultati, da approfondire nel corso di studi successivi, possono servire per orientare le scelte degli enologi verso i tannini più adatti per impieghi specifici.

Publication date: November 18, 2024

Issue: OIV 2024

Type: Article

Authors

Silvia Motta¹, Mauro Ravera², Claudio Cassino², Mattia Lopresti², Stefano Messina¹, Giovanni Calegari³, Alessandra Basana³, Antonella Bosso¹

¹ CREA-VE, Via Pietro Micca 35, Asti, Italy
² Università del Piemonte Orientale (UNIUPO), V.le Teresa Michel 11, Alessandria, Italy
³ Enartis Srl, Via San Cassiano 99, San Martino Trecate (NO), Italy

Contact the author*

Tags

IVES Conference Series | OIV | OIV 2024

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