 IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 Impact and comprehension of nitrogen and lipid nutrition on the production of fermentative aromas with different S. Cerevisiae yeasts used for spirits

Impact and comprehension of nitrogen and lipid nutrition on the production of fermentative aromas with different S. Cerevisiae yeasts used for spirits

Abstract

In the Cognac appellation, the production of white wines is almost exclusively dedicated to elaborate Charentaise eaux-de-vie. In this sense, the quality of Cognac eaux-de-vie intrinsically depends on the quality of the base wines subjected to the distillation stage. In this context, the production of these base wines differs from those of classic white wines to release particular organoleptic properties during the distillation stage. Thus, the settling stage is one of the stages that most illustrates the identity of Cognac wines. The freshly pressed white grape juice is placed in a settling tank but without the presence of pectolytic enzymes, without sulfiting and for a relatively short period of time, contrary to conventional oenological practices. Under these operating conditions, Cognac musts reach very high turbidities in the order of 500 to 2000 NTU against 150 to 200 NTU in conventional oenology. These Charentais musts, rich in solid particles and therefore in lipids [1], allow to guarantee an organoleptic quality that is both delicate and full of character for future eaux-de-vie. Associated with lipids, nitrogen is a nutrient with a major role in alcoholic fermentation [2] that will also influence the aromatic profile of wines [3] intended for distillation. To understand the impact of these main nutrients on the desired organoleptic quality of Cognac, we studied their influence under natural fermentation conditions with three strains of S. cerevisiae commonly used for the Cognac appellation. To understand the influence of each nutrient and their interaction, an experimental plan called “Central Composite Design” (CCD) was developed. The CCD allows to model the aroma productions from the fermentation conditions. Fermentations were carried out with natural ugni blanc must at 23°C. Assimilable nitrogen concentrations ranged from 115 to 285 mg/L and turbidity from 500 to 2700 NTU. Finally, a statistical analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was also performed to evaluate the strain effect. The main results showed that lipids and assimilable nitrogen have a significant impact on the aromatic quality of Cognac wines. Indeed, high lipids concentrations favor the production of organic acids but inhibit the synthesis of esters. The metabolism of the 3 yeast strains reacts in the same way to changes in nitrogen and lipid nutrition. However, each strain keeps its own aromatic profile whatever the fermentation conditions. This study made it possible to study and model the impact and interaction of two essential nutrients for alcoholic fermentation on the metabolism of yeast in natural conditions with excess lipids. In addition, it should be noted that, even if each strain of the Cognac appellation has its aroma properties, all strains respond in the same way to the variations of nitrogen and lipid nutrition.

DOI:

Publication date: September 7, 2021

Issue: Macrowine 2021

Type: Article

Authors

Charlie Guittin, Faïza, Montpellier Isabelle, Jean-Marie, Jean-Roch, SANCHEZ

UMR SPO, INRAE of Montpellier, MACNA, UMR SPO, INRAE Montpellier, , UMR MISTEA, INRAE Montpellier, SABLAYROLLES, UMR SPO, INRAE Montpellier Xavier, POITOU, Hennessy, Cognac, MOURET, UMR SPO, INRAE Montpellier Vincent, FARINES, UMR SPO, INRAE Montpellier

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Keywords

cognac, nitrogen, lipids, centered composite design, alcoholic fermentation, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, metabolism, aromas

Citation

Use of multispectral satellite for monitoring vine water status in mediterranean areas

The development of new generations of multispectral satellites such as Sentinel-2 opens possibilities as to vine water status assessment (Cohen et al., 2019). Based on a three years field campaign, a model of Stem Water Potential (SWP) estimation on vine using four satellite bands in Red, Red-Edge, NIR and SWIR domains was developed (Laroche-Pinel et al., 2021). The model relies on SWP field measures done using a pressure chamber (Scholander et al., 1965), which is a common, robust and precise method to assess vine water status (Acevedo-Opazo et al., 2008). The model was mainly developed from from SWP measures on Syrah N (Laroche Pinel E., 2021).

A large scale monitoring was organized in different vineyards in the Mediterranean region in 2021. 10 varieties amongst the most represented in this area were monitored (Cabernet sauvignon N, Chardonnay B, Cinsault N, Grenache N, Merlot N, Mourvèdre N, Sauvignon B, Syrah N, Vermentino B, Viognier B). The model was used to produce water status maps from Sentinel-2 images, starting from the beginning of June (fruit set) up to September (harvest). The average estimated SWP for each vine was compared to actual field SWP measures done by wine growers or technicians during usual monitoring of irrigation programs. The correlations between mean estimated SWP and mean measured SWP were at the same level than expected by the model. (Laroche Pinel, 2021) The general SWP kinetics were comparable. The estimated SWP would have led to same irrigation decisions concerning the date of first irrigation in comparison with measured SWP.

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Cohen, Y., Gogumalla, P., Bahat, I., Netzer, Y., Ben-Gal, A., Lenski, I., … Helman, D. (2019). Can time series of multispectral satellite images be used to estimate stem water potential in vineyards? In Precision agriculture ’19, The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, pp. 445–451.
Laroche-Pinel, E., Duthoit, S., Albughdadi, M., Costard, A. D., Rousseau, J., Chéret, V., & Clenet, H. (2021). Towards vine water status monitoring on a large scale using sentinel-2 images. remote sensing, 13(9), 1837.
Laroche-Pinel,E. (2021). Suivi du statut hydrique de la vigne par télédétection hyper et multispectrale. Thèse INP Toulouse, France.
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The rootstock, the neglected player in the scion transpiration even during the night

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Biodiversity in the vineyard agroecosystem: exploring systemic approaches

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