 IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 Ochratoxin a degradation by Botrytis cinerea laccase: effect of oenological factors and redox mediators

Ochratoxin a degradation by Botrytis cinerea laccase: effect of oenological factors and redox mediators

Abstract

AIM: This study evaluates the effect of different oenological factors and natural mediators on the degradation of Ochratoxin A (OTA) using Botrytis cinerea laccase. Because of its risk to human health, different detoxification techniques have been developed in various kinds of foodstuffs. The use of fungal or bacterial laccases is a biological method to decrease the OTA concentration [1, 2]. Laccases can oxidize a wide range of substrates, some of which cannot be oxidized directly by these enzymes and require the use of redox mediators [3]. Due to this, several natural mediators present in wine and different SO₂ and ethanol concentrations were tested in the current work.

METHODS: The ability of laccase to degrade OTA was studied by incubation of the enzyme in acetate buffer pH 4.0 and model wine, with OTA and mediators at 28 ºC during 24 h. To determine the impact of SO₂ and ethanol on the OTA degradation caused by laccase, different concentrations of SO₂ (10, 20 and 30 mg/L) and ethanol (5, 10 and 15% v/v) were used. The quantification of this mycotoxin was carried out in a HPLC-QTOF-MS system.

RESULTS: Under these conditions, OTA cannot be oxidized directly by laccase from Botrytis cinerea and the use of redox mediators is required. Among natural mediators tested, (-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin were the phenolic compounds with higher impact on the biodegradation of this mycotoxin, achieving a decrease of OTA concentration over 50%. The degradation of OTA was completely inhibed by 30 mg of SO₂/L, while 20 mg of SO₂/L reduced lacasse activity by a half and 10 mg of SO₂/L hardly caused any effect on the biodegradation of this mycotoxin. A concentration of 15% of ethanol led to a 50% reduction in the activity of laccase over OTA.

CONCLUSIONS

These preliminary results may be a first step in finding biological alternative strategies to eliminate undesirable substances such as mycotoxins (OTA) present in wine.

DOI:

Publication date: September 14, 2021

Issue: Macrowine 2021

Type: Article

Authors

osé Pérez-Navarro

Regional Institute for Applied Scientific Research (IRICA), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo José Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain. Higher Technical School of Agronomic Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ronda de Calatrava 7, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.,Tania, PANIAGUA MARTÍNEZ, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo José Cela, 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain. Pol, GIMÉNEZ, Faculty of Oenology, University of Rovira I Virgili, C/Marcel.li Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain. Joan Miquel, CANALS, Faculty of Oenology, University of Rovira I Virgili, C/Marcel.li Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain. Fernando, ZAMORA, Faculty of Oenology, University of Rovira I Virgili, C/Marcel.li Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain. Sergio, GÓMEZ-ALONSO, Regional Institute for Applied Scientific Research (IRICA), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo José Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain. Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo José Cela, 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.

Contact the author

Keywords

mycotoxin, enzyme, biodetoxification, fungi, SO₂, ethanol

Citation

Rootstock regulation of scion phenotypes: the relationship between rootstock parentage and petiole mineral concentration

Grapevine is grown as a graft since the end of the 19th century. Rootstocks not only provide tolerance to Phylloxera but also ensure the supply of water and mineral nutrients to the scion. Rootstocks are an important mean of adaptation to environmental conditions, because the scion controls the typical features of the grapes and wine. However, among the large diversity of rootstocks worldwide, few of them are commercially used in the vineyard. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which rootstocks modify the mineral composition of the petioles of the scion. Vitis vinifera cvs. Cabernet-Sauvignon, Pinot noir, Syrah and Ugni blanc were grafted onto 55 different rootstock genotypes and planted in a vineyard as three replicates of 5 vines. Petioles were collected in the cluster zone with 6 replicates per combination. Petiolar concentrations of 13 mineral elements (N, P, K, S, Mg, Ca, Na, B, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, Al) at veraison were determined. Scion, rootstock and the interaction explained the same proportion of the phenotypic variance for most mineral elements. Rootstock genotype showed a significant influence on the petiole mineral element composition. Rootstock effect explained from 7 % for Cu to 25 % for S of the variance. The difference of rootstock conferred mineral status is discussed in relation to vigor and fertility. Rootstocks were also genotyped with 23 microsatellite markers. Data were analysed according to genetic groups in order to determine whether the petiole mineral composition could be related to the genetic parentage of the rootstock. Thanks to a highly powerful design, it is the first time that such a large panel of rootstocks grafted with 4 scions has been studied. These results give the opportunity to better characterize the rootstocks and to enlarge the diversity used in the vineyard.

Phenolic composition of Tempranillo Blanco grapes changes after foliar application of urea

Our research aimed to determine the effect and efficiency of foliar application of urea on the phenolic composition of Tempranillo Blanco grapes. The field experiment was carried out in 2019 and 2020 seasons and the plot was located in D.O.Ca Rioja (North of Spain). The vineyard was Vitis vinifera L. Tempranillo Blanco and grafted on Richter-110 rootstock. The treatments were control (C), whose plants were sprayed with water and three doses of urea: plants were sprayed with urea 3 kg N/ha (U3), 6 kg N/ha (U6) and 9 kg N/ha (U9). The applications were performed in two phenological stages, pre-veraison (Pre) and veraison (Ver). Also, each of the treatments was repeated one week later. Control and treatments were performed in triplicate and arranged in a randomised block design. Grapes were harvested at optimum ripening stage. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to analyse the phenolic composition of the grapes. Finally, the results obtained from the analytical determinations – flavonols, flavanols and non-flavonoid (hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids and stilbenes) – were studied statistically by analysis of variance. The results showed that, in 2019, U6-Pre and U9-Pre treatments increased the hydroxybenzoic acid content in grapes, and also all foliar treatments applied at Pre enhanced the stilbene concentration. Moreover, U3-Ver was the only treatment that rose flavonol and stilbene contents in the Tempranillo Blanco grapes. In 2020, all treatments applied at Pre enhanced the flavonol concentration in grapes. Furthermore, U3-Pre and U9-Pre treatments increased stilbene content in grapes. Nevertheless, the hydroxybenzoic acid content was improved by U6-Ver and U9-Ver and besides, hydroxycinnamic acid concentration in grapes was increased by all treatments applied at Ver. In conclusion, the lower and highest dose of urea (U3 and U9), applied at pre-veraison, were the best treatments to improve the Tempranillo Blanco grape phenolic composition.

Influence of climatic conditions on grape composition of Tempranillo in La Mancha DO (Spain)

The aim of this work was to analyze the variability in grape composition of the Tempranillo cultivar related to climatic conditions, in La Mancha Designation of Origin. Grape composition (sugar content, total acidity, pH, malic acid, and total and extractable anthocyanins) recorded during ripening, were analysed for the period 2000-2019. The weather conditions at daily time scale, recorded during the same period, were also evaluated. The relationships between grape parameters with climatic variables related to temperature and to water deficits, referring different periods between phenological events along the growing cycle, were evaluated using regression analysis. High variability in grape composition was observed in the period analysed. Total acidity varied between 3.7 and 7.3 gL-1 while malic acid varied between 1.2 and 4 gL-1. The extractable anthocyanins ranged between 526 and 972 mgL-1, and total anthocyanins ranged between 922 and 1388 mgL-1, being the lowest values recorded in the hottest year (2017). Total acidity decreased 0.77 gL-1 for an increase of 100 GDD, while malic acid decrease in 0.42 gL-1 for the same GDD increase, being the period between veraison and harvest the one that seemed to have higher influence on acidity. In addition, it was confirmed that increasing water deficits decreased acidity. Total and extractable anthocyanins increased in about 210 and 105 mgL-1, respectively, with an increase of 100 GDD from veraison to harvest, and the increase in water deficits favour the increase of anthocyanins, both total and extractable anthocyanins. Total and extractable anthocyanins concentration increased in 35 and 22 mgL-1 per an increase of 10 mm in the water deficit. These results can be of interest to understand the potential changes that grapes composition may suffer under future warmer climates.

Soil quality in Beaujolais vineyard. Importance of pedology and cultural practices

A pedological study was carried out from 2009 to 2017 in Beaujolais vineyard, to improve physical and chemical knowledge of soils. It was completed in 2016 and 2017 by the current study, dealing with microbial aspects, in order to build a reference frame for improved advice in soil management. Microbial biomass was measured on representative plots of the six most common soil types identified in Beaujolais and, for each soil type, on plots with different levels of the main impacting parameters: total organic carbon, pH, cation exchange capacity, extractable copper. A total of 59 soil samples were collected. Confirming the results of various trials carried out in Beaujolais over the past 20 years, the results of the present study showed that the soils were still alive, but exhibited a large variability of biological parameters, which appeared dependant on both pedological and anthropic factors. Therefore, a good interpretation of biological parameters and advice for vine growers must rely on a pedologically-based referential with differentiated main driving factors. For example, the control of pH is of primary importance in granitic soils and in no way organic matter addition can improve soil quality if pH is too low. Conversely, in calcareous soils, biological parameters are more directly affected by direct or indirect (cover crops for example) inputs of organic matter. The use of biological parameters, such as microbial biomass, is of great potential value to improve advice on agro-viticultural practices (soil management, fertilization, liming, etc.), basis of a sustainable wine production on fragile soils.

Analysis of some environmental factors and cultural practices that affect the production and quality of the Manto Negro, Callet and Prensal Blanc varieties

45 non irrigated vineyards distributed in the DO (Denomination) Pla i Llevant de Mallorca and the DO Binissalem Mallorca were used to investigate the characteristics of production and quality and their relationships certain environmental factors and cultural practices. The grape varieties investigated are autochthonous to the island of Mallorca, Manto Negro and Callet as red and Prensal Blanc as white. All plants were measured for four consecutive years in the main production and quality parameters. Among the environmental factors, the type of soil has been studied, more specifically its water retention capacity, the planting density, the age of the vineyard and the level of viral infection. The presence or absence of virus seems to have no effect on any component studied in the varieties studied. For the white variety Prensal Blanc age is negatively correlated with production and the number of bunches, nevertheless it does not cause any effect on the required quality parameters. However, for the red varieties Callet and Manto Negro, the age of the plantation is the variable that best correlates with the quality parameters, therefore the old vines should be the object of preservation by the viticulturists and winemakers in order to guarantee its contribution to the quality of the wines made with these varieties.