Terroir 2004 banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 Phenology and bioclimate of grapevine varieties in the tropical region of the São Francisco Valley, Brazil

Phenology and bioclimate of grapevine varieties in the tropical region of the São Francisco Valley, Brazil

Abstract

[English version below]

La région de la Vallée du São Francisco, situe à 9º S, est en train d’augmenter la production des vins fins les dernières années. La région présente climat du type tropical semi-aride (climat viticole à variabilité intra-annuelle selon le Système CCM Géoviticole : “très chaud, à nuits chaudes et à sécheresse forte à sub-humide” en fonction de la période de l’année dans laquelle le raisin est produit). La recherche objective la caractérisation de la phénologie et de la bioclimatologie des raisins de cuve dans la région. Ont été évalues 4 cépages avec différents niveaux de précocité – Syrah, Cabernet Sauvignon, Muscat Canelli et Schönburger, greffés sur IAC 572, vigne en premier cycle productif conduite en système pergola. Ont été évalués les stades phénologiques suivants selon le système d’Eichhorn & Lorenz : débourrement (B) – stade 05, floraison (F) – stade 23 et véraison (V) – stade 35. La date de récolte (H) corresponde à la récolte commerciale des raisins. La durée des sous-périodes phénologiques B-F, F-V, V-H et B-H a été calculée. Sur chacun des sous-périodes, ont été calculés 16 indices climatiques thermiques et hydriques. Les résultats de la Vallée du São Francisco ont été comparés avec les mêmes cépages d’une région de climat tempérée – la Serra Gaúcha (climat “tempéré chaud, à nuits tempérées, humide” selon le Système CCM Géoviticole), située à 29º S. Les résultats ont montré que la durée de la période B-H a été de 124, 123, 116 et 104 jours pour la Syrah, Cabernet Sauvignon, Muscat Canelli et Schönburger, tandis que dans la Serra Gaúcha, la durée a été de 158, 160, 160 et 138 jours, respectivement. Pour les caractéristiques bioclimatiques, dans la Vallée du São Francisco les températures moyennes de l’air de la période B-H ont varié entre 25,4 à 28,1 ºC, tandis que dans la Serra Gaúcha les températures ont varié entre 15,8 et 21,8 ºC. L’évapotranspiration potentielle, même si elle a présenté des moyennes journalières plus élevées dans la Vallée, ont été similaires pour le total dans la période B-H entre les 2 régions. Le rayonnement solaire global de la période B-H dans la Vallée du São Francisco a été inférieur si comparé avec la Serra Gaúcha. Ce résultat est lié surtout à la latitude (photopériode) et à la durée plus courte de la période B-H en condition tropicale. Le travail présente les indices bioclimatiques par cépage et sous-période, en comparant la région de baisse avec la région de moyenne latitude. On a conclu que le cycle végétatif de la vigne (B-H) est significativement plus court dans la Vallée du São Francisco (durée moyenne, pour les 4 cépages évalués, 37 jours inférieure que dans la Serra Gaúcha). Tel comportement est dû essentiellement à un raccourcissement de la période B-F (29 jours plus court en moyenne). On observe que le comportement phénologique de la vigne dans la Vallée du São Francisco, distinct par rapport à une région de climat tempérée, peut être expliqué surtout par le bioclimat particulier trouvé en zone tropicale.

The region of the São Francisco Valley, located at 9° S, has been increasing the production of fine wines during the last years. The region has a tropical semi-arid climate (viticultural climate with intra-annual variability according to the Geoviticultural CCM System : “very warm, with warm nights, very dry to sub-humid” depending on the period of the year in which the grapes are produced). The research aims at characterizing the phenology and bioclimatology of the region’s wine grapes. Four cultivars with different levels of precocity were evaluated – Syrah, Cabernet Sauvignon, Muscat Canelli and Schönburger, grafted on IAC 572, a vineyard in its first productive cycle, using the pergola as training system. The phenological stages bud burst (B) – stage 05, flowering (F) – stage 23 and veraison (V) – stage 35 were evaluated according to the system of Eichhorn & Lorenz. The date of the harvest (H) corresponds to the commercial grape harvest. The duration of the phenological subperiods B-F, F-V V-H and B-H has been calculated. For each subperiod 16 thermal and hydric climatic indices have been calculated. The results of the São Francisco Valley have been compared with the same cultivars from a temperate climate region – the Serra Gaúcha (“temperate warm, with temperate nights, humid viticulture climate” according to the Geoviticultural CCM System), located 29°S. The results have shown that the duration of the period B-H has been 124, 123, 116 and 104 days for Syrah, Cabernet Sauvignon, Muscat Canelli and Schönburger, while in the Serra Gaúcha the duration has been 158, 160, 160 and 138 days, respectively. As for the bioclimatic characteristics, the mean air temperature in the São Francisco Valley in the period B-H have varied from 25,4 to 28,1ºC, whereas in the Serra Gaúcha the temperatures have oscillated between 15,8 and 21,8ºC. The potential evapotranspiration, even when showing higher mean day values in the Valley, was similar in both regions during the whole period B-H. The global solar radiation for the period B-H in the São Francisco Valley was lower when compared with the Serra Gaúcha. This result is related especially to the latitude (photoperiod) and the shorter duration of the B-H period under tropical conditions. The study presents the bioclimatic indices by cultivar and subperiod, comparing the region of low with that one of mean latitude. It has been concluded that the vegetative cycle of the grapevine (B-H) is significantly shorter in the the São Francisco Valley (mean duration, for the 4 evaluated cultivars, 37 days less than in the Serra Gaúcha). Such behavior is a consequence, essentially, of a shortening of the period B-F (29 days shorter in the average). It can be stated that the phenological behavior of the grapevine in the São Francisco Valley, although distinct from a temperate climate region, can be understood above all by the particular bioclimate found in the tropical zone.

 

DOI:

Publication date: January 12, 2022

Issue: Terroir 2004

Type: Article

Authors

U. A. Camargo (1), J.Tonietto (1), F. Mandelli (1) and F.M. de Amorim (2)

U. A. Camargo (1)(1) Embrapa – National Center for Grape and Wine Research – Cnpuv, Rua Livramento, 515; 9570000-000 – Bento Gonçalves, Brazil
(2) Grant from CNPq/FINEP

Contact the author

Keywords

Wine grapes, tropical viticulture

Tags

IVES Conference Series | Terroir 2004

Citation

Related articles…

Accumulation of polyphenols in Barbera and Nebbiolo leaves during the vegetative season

Grapevine berries produce thousands of secondary metabolites of diverse chemical nature that have been largely detailed in the past due to their importance for defining wine quality. The wide Vitis vinifera diversity, resulting in thousands of different varieties well detailed in many studies regarding berries, is still not investigated in vegetative organs, leaves in particular. Deepening knowledge related to this aspect could be of great interest for many reasons (for example the possibility of using leaf extract for pharmaceutical, cosmetic and nutrition purposes) but, above all, for understanding the susceptibility of different grapevine varieties to pathogens.

La zonazione della D.O.C. Bolgheri (Castagneto C.): aspetti metodologici ed applicativi

The results of the first step of the zoning study carried out in Bolghery appellation area (Castagneto Carducci, Tuscany) in the 1993-1995 period have been recently published. Quality factors of Bolgheri appellation and different “terroirs ” were identified.

ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION DRIVES THE SELECTION OF OENOCOCCUS OENI STRAINS IN WINE

Oenococcus oeni is the predominant lactic acid bacteria species in wine and cider, where it performs the malolactic fermentation (MLF) (Lonvaud-Funel, 1999). The O. oeni strains analyzed to date form four major genetic lineages named phylogroups A, B, C and D (Lorentzen et al., 2019). Most of the strains isolated from wine, cider, or kombucha belong to phylogroups A, B+C, and D, respectively, although B and C strains were also detected in wine (Campbell-Sills et al., 2015; Coton et al., 2017; Lorentzen et al., 2019;

Effects of ethanol removal techniques on Nero d’Avola wine

Over the past two decades, climate change has contributed to an increase in sugar content in grape must, and consequently, in the ethanol levels of wines.

BIOSORPTION OF UNDESIRABLE COMPONENTS FROM WINE BY YEAST-DERIVED PRODUCTS

4-Ethylphenol (EP) in wine is associated with organoleptic defects such as barn and horse sweat odors. The origin of EP is the bioconversion reaction of p-coumaric acid (CA), naturally present in grapes and grape musts by contaminating yeasts of the genus Brettanomyces bruxellensis.
Yeast cell walls (YCW) have shown adsorption capacities for different compounds. They could be applied to wines in order to adsorb either CA and/or EP and thus reduce the organoleptic defects caused by the contaminating yeasts.