Terroir 2004 banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 Method for the evaluation of climatic changes envisaging the protection of grape-growing terroirs: the Géoviticulture MCC system in the evaluation of the potential impact of the construction of hydroelectric power plants on viticulture

Method for the evaluation of climatic changes envisaging the protection of grape-growing terroirs: the Géoviticulture MCC system in the evaluation of the potential impact of the construction of hydroelectric power plants on viticulture

Abstract

[English version below]

La recherche, conduite en 2002, a envisagé l’estimation, a priori, de l’effet du changement mesoclimatique sur le potentiel qualitatif de la région viticole de la Serra Gaúcha (Vallée du Rio das Antas) – Brésil, en fonction de la construction de 3 usines hydroélectriques. Avec une puissance totale de 360 MW, les usines seront opérationnelles entre 2004-2007. La superficie totale d’inondation est de 11,4 km2. La demande des viticulteurs était d’avoir une évaluation des effets d’un éventuel changement climatique en fonction de cette action humaine sur le potentiel viticole de la région. Elle présente climat IS-2 IH+1 IF-1 (humide, tempéré chaud, à nuits tempérées) selon le Système de Classification Climatique Multicritères Géoviticole (Système CCM Géoviticole). Le Système, qui offre plusieurs outils d’aide aux études de zonage vitivinicole à différents échelles, utilise 3 indices climatiques viticoles de référence (Indice de Sécheresse – IS, Indice Héliothermique – IH et Indice de Fraîcheur des Nuits – IF). Ces indices sont représentatifs de la variabilité du climat viticole liée aux exigences des cépages, à la qualité de la vendange (sucre, couleur, arôme) et à la typicité des vins. Dans une première étape, l’étude a été développée en utilisant la modélisation climatique numérique avec le modèle RAMS (Regional Atmospheric Modeling System), version 4.3, au niveau meso et macroclimatique dans la région des usines. Quatre situations ont été simulées : vigne au Fond de la Vallée – FV (situation juste à coté de la rivière) – (1) Climat Actuel (CA-FV) et (2) Climat Futur (CF-FV) ; Haut de la Vallée – HV (416 m supérieure en altitude et à une distance horizontale de 102 m para rapport à FV) – (3) Climat Actuel (CA-HV) et (4) Climat Futur (CF-HV). Le CF représente la situation de plus fort impact potentiel, où la superficie a être inondée sera la plus grande. Egalement, une étude de l’évolution du changement climatique à partir de la rivière jusqu’à la disparition de ces effets dans la région a été conduite. Les variables climatiques concernent les températures (minimale, maximale et moyenne), pluie, Rg, insolation, humidité de l’air e vitesse du vent ont été modélisées au pas de temps mensuel. L’évapotranspiration potentielle (ETP Penman) a été calculée. Par la suite, les indices IH, IF et IS ont été calculés, avec l’utilisation des fonctionnalités du Système, soit pour CA, soit pour CF dans les situations FV et HV. Les résultats ont montré que le climat viticole ne change pas de classe dans le climat futur. Pour l’IH au fond de la vallée, la valeur de 2.488 (CA-FV) passe à 2.483 dans le scénario futur (CF-FV). En haut de la Vallée, l’IH passe de 2.451 (CA) à 2.443 dans CF. Pour l’IF on ne constate pas un changement climatique pour la période de référence de l’indice (moi de mars), sauf pour la période de décembre à février, avec une augmentation de 0,1 à 0,2 ºC dans le climat futur pour les deux situations (FV et HV). L’IS présente des valeurs entre 4 à 6 mm supérieurs dans le climat futur en comparaison avec CA, soit pour FV ou HV. Le résultat est fonction surtout d’une précipitation un peut plus élevé et d’une ETP un peut plus faible dans le climat futur. L’étude a permis d’estimer que la construction des 3 usines hydroélectriques ne changera pas le macroclimat, mais devra causer un changement au niveau du climat local (topoclimat), en fonction d’une augmentation de l’IS et de la réduction de l’IF, restreint aux zones internes (coteaux de la Vallée du Rio das Antas). Le changement tend à zéro quand on s’éloigne de la vallée (plus de 1000 m de distance la rivière). Ce changement est potentiellement négatif vis-à-vis des caractéristiques qualitatives du raisin. Par contre, il est de très faible intensité. Une cartographie en 3D de la région des usines, avec la superficie a être inondé, a été saisie. Une suivie des conditions climatiques de longe terme est en cours envisageant l’évaluation du changement climatique réel et son influence sur la viticulture.

The research, conducted in 2002, has aimed at estimating, a priori, how the mesoclimatic change, conditioned by the construction of 3 hydroelectric power plants, will affect the qualitative potential of the grape-growing region of the Serra Gaúcha (Rio das Antas Valley), Brazil. The power plants will begin to operate between 2004 and 2007, and their total capacity will amount to 360 MW. The total inundation surface will be 11,4 km2. The vine growers requested to get an idea about how a possible climatic change, caused by this man-made action, could affect the vineyard potential of this region. According to the Géoviticulture Multicriteria Climate Classification System (Géoviticulture MCC System), the region has the climate IS-2 IH+1 IF-1 (“humid, temperate warm, with temperate nights”). The system, which offers several tools for viticultural zoning studies on different scales, employs 3 viticultural climatic indices of reference (Dryness Index – IS, Heliothermal Index – IH, and Cool Night Index – IF). These indices are representative of the variability of the viticultural climate related to the requirements of the grape varieties, the quality of the grapes (sugar, color, flavor) and the characteristics of the wines. In a first stage of the study, numerical climatic modeling with the RAMS (Regional Atmospheric Modeling System), version 4.3, was employed at the meso- and macroclimatic level in the region of the power plants. Four situations were simulated: vineyard at the foot of the valley – FV – (location right at the riverbanks) – (1) Current Climate (CA-FV) and (2) Future Climate (FC-FV); at the top of the valley – HV – (416m higher and at a horizontal distance of 102m in relation to FV) – (3) Current Climate (CA-HV) and (4) Future Climate (CF-HV). The CF demonstrates the situation with the strongest potential impact where the surface to be flooded is the largest. Equally, a study on the evolution of the climatic change was conducted starting from the river up to the disappearance of these effects in the region. The climatic variables, concerning the temperatures (minimum, maximum and average), rain, Rg, insolation, air humidity and speed of the wind were modeled at a monthly rate. The potential evapotranspiration was calculated. In the following, the indices IH, IS and IF were calculated, using the functions of the System, for CA as well as for CF in the situations FV and HV. The results have shown that the viticultural climate does not change class in the future climate. For IH at the foot of the valley, the value 2.488 (CA-FV) changes to 2.483 in the future climate (CF-FV). At the top of the valley the IH changes from 2.451 (CA) to 2.433 for CF. In this way, no significative influence on IH was observed. For IF it is not possible to observe a climatic change in the period of reference of the index (March) except for the period from December to February, with an increase of 0,1 to 0,2ºC in the future climate for the two situations (FV and HV). The IS shows values between 4 and 6 mm higher in the future climate when compared with CA, be it for FV or HV. The result is above all a consequence of a slightly higher precipitation and of a slightly weaker ETP in the future climate. The study has allowed to estimate that the construction of the three hydroelectric power plants will not change the macroclimate, but should cause a change at the level of the local climate (topoclimate), as an effect of an increase of the IS and of the reduction of the IF, restricted to internal areas (slopes of the Rio das Antas Valley). The change tends towards zero at a certain distance from the valley (more than 1000m distance from the river). This change is potentially negative for the qualitative characteristics of the grapes. However, it is of very weak intensity. A 3D chart of the power plants region with the surface to be flooded has been produced. A study on the long-term climatic conditions is currently being performed aiming at the evaluation of the real climatic change and its influence on the viticulture.

DOI:

Publication date: January 12, 2022

Issue: Terroir 2004

Type: Article

Authors

J. Tonietto (1), O.L.L. de Moraes (2) et H. Hasenack (3)

(1) Embrapa – Centre National de Recherche de la Vigne et du Vin ; Rua Livramento, 515 ; 95700-000 –
Bento Gonçalves, Brésil
(2) Département de Climatologie, Université Fédérale de Santa Maria – UFSM
(3) Centre d’Ecologie, Université Fédérale du Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS

Contact the author

Keywords

Qualité, changement climatique, impact climatique, Système CCM Géoviticole, protection des terroirs viticoles

Tags

IVES Conference Series | Terroir 2004

Citation

Related articles…

Modulation of berry composition by different vineyard management practices

High concentration of sugars in grapes and alcohol in wines is one of the consequences of climate change on viticulture production in several wine-growing regions. In order to investigate the possibilities of adaptation of vineyard management practices aimed to reduce the accumulation of sugar during the maturation phase without reducing the accumulation of anthocyanins in grapes, a study with severe shoot trimming, shoot thinning, cluster thinning and date of harvest was conducted on Merlot variety in Istria region (Croatia), under the Mediterranean climate. Four factors which may affect grape maturation and its composition at harvest were investigated in a two-years experiment; severe shoot trimming applied at veraison when >80% of berries changed colour (in comparison to untreated control), shoot thinning (0 and 30%), cluster thinning (0 and 30%), and the date of harvest (early and standard harvest dates). Shoot thinning had no significant impact on berry composition, despite the obtained reduction in yield per vine. Lower Brix in grapes were obtained with earlier harvest date and if no cluster thinning was applied, although at the same time a reduction in the concentration of anthocyanins in berries was observed in these treatments. On the other hand, if severe shoot trimming was applied when >80% of berries changed colour, a reduction of Brix was obtained without a negative impact on berry anthocyanins concentration. We conclude that in cases when undesirably high sugar concentrations at harvest are expected, severe shoot trimming at 80% veraison may effectively be used in order to obtain moderate sugar concentration in berries together with the adequate phenolic composition.

Impact of geographical location on the phenolic profile of minority varieties grown in Spain. II: red grapevines

Because terroir and cultivar are drivers of wine quality, is essential to investigate theirs effects on polyphenolic profile before promoting the implantation of a red minority variety in a specific area. This work, included in MINORVIN project, focuses in the polyphenolic profile of 7 red grapevines minority varieties of Vitis vinifera L. (Morate, Sanguina, Santafe, Terriza Tinta Jeromo Tortozona Tinta) and Tempranillo) from six typical viticulture Spanish areas: Aragón (A1), Cataluña (A2), Castilla la Mancha (A3), Castilla –León (A4), Madrid (A5) and Navarra (A6) of 2020 season. Polyphenolic substances were extracted from grapes. 35 compounds were identified and quantified (mg subtance/kg fresh berry) by HPLC and grouped in anthocyanins (ANT) flavanols (FLAVA), flavonols (FLAVO), hydroxycinnamic (AH), benzoic (BA) acids and stilbenes (ST). Antioxidant activity (AA, mmol TE /g fresh berry) was determined by DPPH method. The results were submitted to a two-way ANOVA to investigate the influence of variety, area and their interaction for each polyphenolic family and cluster analysis was used to construct hierarchical dendrograms, searching the natural groupings among the samples. Sanguina (A3) had the most of total polyphenols while Tempranillo (A5) those of ANT. Sanguina (A2) and (A3) reached the highest values of FLAVO, FLAVA and AA. These two last samples had also the maximum of AA. The effect cultivar and area were significant for all polyphenolic families analyzed. A high variability due to variety (>50%) was observed in FLAVA and the maximum value of variability due to growing area was detected in AA (86.41%), ANT and FLAVO (51%); the interaction variety*zone was significant only for ANT, FLAVO, EST and AA. Finally, dendrograms presented five cluster: i) Sanguina (A2); ii) Sanguina (A3); iii) Tempranillo (A5); iv) Tempranillo (A3); Terriza (A3,A5), Morate (A5,A6); v) Santafé (A1,A6); Tortozona tinta (A1,A3,A6); Tinta Jeromo (A3,A4).

Characterization of variety-specific changes in bulk stomatal conductance in response to changes in atmospheric demand and drought stress

In wine growing regions around the world, climate change has the potential to affect vine transpiration and overall vineyard water use due to related changes in atmospheric demand and soil water deficits. Grapevines control their transpiration in response to a changing environment by regulating conductance of water through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. Most vineyard water use models currently estimate vine transpiration by applying generic crop coefficients to estimates of reference evapotranspiration, but this does not account for changes in vine conductance associated with water stress, nor differences thought to exist between varieties. The response of bulk stomatal conductance to daily weather variability and seasonal drought stress was studied on Cabernet-Sauvignon, Merlot, Tempranillo, Ugni blanc, and Semillon vines in a non-irrigated vineyard in Bordeaux France. Whole vine sap flow, temperature and humidity in the vine canopy, and net radiation absorbed by the vine canopy were measured on 15-minute intervals from early July through mid-September 2020, together with periodic measurement of leaf area, canopy porosity, and predawn leaf water potential. From this data, bulk stomatal conductance was calculated on 15-minute intervals, and multiple regression analysis was performed to identify key variables and their relative effect on conductance. Attention was focused on addressing multicollinearity and time-dependency in the explanatory variables and developing regression models that were readily interpretable. Variability of vapor pressure deficit over the day, and predawn water potential over the season explained much of the variability in conductance, with relative differences in response coefficients observed across the five varieties. By characterizing this conductance response, the dynamics of vine transpiration can be better parameterized in vineyard water use modeling of current and future climate scenarios.

Local adaptation tools to ensure the viticultural sustainability in a changing climate

[lwp_divi_breadcrumbs home_text="IVES" use_before_icon="on" before_icon="||divi||400" module_id="publication-ariane" _builder_version="4.19.4" _module_preset="default" module_text_align="center" module_font_size="16px" text_orientation="center"...

Soil, vine, climate change – what is observed – what is expected

To evaluate the current and future impact of climate change on Viticulture requires an integrated view on a complex interacting system within the soil-plant-atmospheric continuum under continuous change. Aside of the globally observed increase in temperature in basically all viticulture regions for at least four decades, we observe several clear trends at the regional level in the ratio of precipitation to potential evapotranspiration. Additionally the recently published 6th assessment report of the IPCC (The physical science basis) shows case-dependent further expected shifts in climate patterns which will have substantial impacts on the way we will conduct viticulture in the decades to come.
Looking beyond climate developments, we observe rising temperatures in the upper soil layers which will have an impact on the distribution of microbial populations, the decay rate of organic matter or the storage capacity for carbon, thus affecting the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and the viscosity of water in the soil-plant pathway, altering the transport of water. If the upper soil layers dry out faster due to less rainfall and/or increased evapotranspiration driven by higher temperatures, the spectral reflection properties of bare soil change and the transport of latent heat into the fruiting zone is increased putting a higher temperature load on the fruit. Interactions between micro-organisms in the rhizosphere and the grapevine root system are poorly understood but respond to environmental factors (such as increased soil temperatures) and the plant material (rootstock for instance), respectively the cultivation system (for example bio-organic versus conventional). This adds to an extremely complex system to manage in terms of increased resilience, adaptation to and even mitigation of climate change. Nevertheless, taken as a whole, effects on the individual expressions of wines with a given origin, seem highly likely to become more apparent.