Terroir 1996 banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 Bench terraces, agricultural practices and viticultural zoning in Ribeira Sacra (Galicia, Spain).

Bench terraces, agricultural practices and viticultural zoning in Ribeira Sacra (Galicia, Spain).

Abstract

L’aire d’AOC Ribeira Sacra s’étend sur plus de 200 km au large des versants escarpés du Miño et du Sil, dans la Galice (Espagne). C’est une région viticole avec des caractéristiques bien particulières que complique leur zonage viticole. Elle est désormais une région dans laquelle les vignobles sont placés sur les versants fortement inclinés (parfois la pente est supérieure à 60% ), aménages en terrasses très étroites (les gradins n’ont souvent pas plus d’un mètre de large) avec des murs en pierres sèches qui ont derrière eux au moins un bon millénaire d’existence. Ces terrasses constituent un exemple remarquable de formations anthropiques très efficaces au point de minimiser l’érosion du sol et de conduire à formation de microclimats particulièrement adaptés aux besoins de la vigne.
Par leurs caractéristiques on peut parler de véritables anthrosols et d’un zonage initial lié au procès de construction des terrasses. Du point de vue pédologique la région est bien homogène, même s’il y a quelques variations en raison des conditions particulières d’orographie, de la nature de la roche-mère (granites, gneiss, ardoises), des facteurs locaux d’exposition (de l’ouest à sud-est), de l’altitude (200 à 450 m) et, surtout, des façons de concevoir la gestion de la fertilité chimique des sols viticoles.
D’un côté, il y a des vignes où l’entretien du sol est fait selon la manière traditionnelle, avec des apports épisodiques d’engrais végétaux : ainsi, dans de nombreux vignobles, on se contente d’épandre en couverture après la vendange, un mélange de fumier, de bois de taille, de marcs de raisin et de quelques touffes de genêts ramassées dans la lande. Le plus souvent dans ces vignobles prédominent les sols avec des teneurs en matière organique élevées (même si la matière organique est très stable et sa vitesse d’évolution est lente), sols acides et riches en aluminium échangeable (l’aluminium est souvent le plus abondant parmi les cations échangeables), à faible taux de saturation de la capacité d’échange, pauvres en potassium et avec des teneurs élevées en cuivre assimilable.
Par contre, dans le cas des vignes mieux cultivées et, surtout, dans les nouvelles plantations et les replantations, l’emploi des engrais minéraux et des amendements calciques et magnésiens est très répandu. C’est dans ces vignobles que l’on trouve des sols avec un pH neutre ou légèrement acide, une teneur en matière organique plus faible, une capacité d’échange de cations effective (CECe) plus élevée; le calcium -parfois le magnésium- sont les cations échangeables le plus couramment présents sur le complexe d’échange.
En conclusion, dans les vignobles de l’ AOC Ribeira Sacra, on peut parler d’un zonage initial associé à l’aménagement en terrasses et sur lequel se superpose un deuxième zonage (plus important au point de vue des caractéristiques chimiques des sols et du potentiel qualitatif des raisins), fonction des façons d’entretien du sol.

The particular characteristic of the Ribeira Sacra OAC in Galicia (Spain) makes complicate their viticultural zoning. In this region, vineyards are cultivated in narrow bench terraces (1 m width) on slopes up to 60%. Men along the last eight centuries, playing an important role as an effective conservation practice to prevent soil erosion, have constructed these. This practice produced an important thickening of soils, providing the development of vineyards in zones, which are characterised by their adequate microclimate.
The parent geologic materials are gneiss, granite and slate, the azimuth of the hill slopes is from south to southeast and their altitude range is from 200 to 450 m above Mediterranean Sea level. Men activities may be considered as the most important forming factor. In fact, agricultural practices acting during all this time are the most important forming factor of these soils. We observed an initial zoning of these soils derived from human activities. Furthermore, we consider that these practices correspond with the requirements of the Anthrosol FAO soil unit.
The traditional management practices that still being used include organic fertilisation and .amendment and manual cultivation up to 40 cm depth. Most relevant physicochemical properties are low pH in water and in KCI saturation extracts, high organic mater contents (with low mineralisation rate), and low base saturation percentage in the cation exchange complex, and high exchangeable aluminium and assimilable copper contents. Other farmers use lime as amendment and inorganic fertilisation that increase pH and cation exchange capacity values, and diminution of organic mater and assimilable copper content.

DOI:

Publication date: February 15, 2022

Issue:  Terroir 2002

Type: Article

Authors

José M.G. QUEIJEIRO, Eugenio L. PERIAGO, Manuel ARIAS and Benedicto SOTO

Area de Edafología y Química Agricola. FacuJtad de Ciencias de Ourense, As Lagoas s/n 32004. España

Contact the author

Keywords

Ribeira Sacra, Espagne, terrasses, entretien du sol, zonage
Ribeira Sacra, Spain, bench terraces, viticultural zoning, cultural practices

Tags

IVES Conference Series | Terroir 2002

Citation

Related articles…

Modeling the suitability of Pinot Noir in Oregon’s Willamette Valley in a changing climate

Air temperature is the key driver of grapevine phenology and a significant environmental factor impacting yield and quality for a winegrape growing region. In this study the optimal downscaled CMIP5 ensemble for computing thegrowing season average temperature (GST) viticulture climate classification index was determined to spatially compute on a decadal basis predictions of the GST climate index and the grapevine sugar ripeness (GSR) model for Pinot Noir throughout the Willamette Valley (WV) American Viticultural Area (AVA). Forecasts for average temperature and a 220 g/L target sugar concentration level were computed using daily Localized Constructed Analogs (LOCA) downscaled CMIP5 historic and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) future climate projections of minimum and maximum daily temperature. We explore spatiotemporal trends of the GST climate classification index and Pinot Noir specific applications of the GSR phenology model for the WV AVA. Spatiotemporal computations of the GST climate index and Pinot Noir specific applications of the GSR model enable the opportunity to explore relationships between their computed values with one intent being to provide updated GST ranges that better align with current temperature-based modeling understanding of Pinot Noir grapevine phenology and the viticultural application of LOCA CMIP5 climate projections for the WV AVA. The Pinot Noir specific applications of the GSR model or the GST index with updated bounds indicate that the percent of the WV AVA area suitable for Pinot Noir production is currently at or near its peak value in the upper 80s to lower 90s of this century.

Impact of geographical location on the phenolic profile of minority varieties grown in Spain. II: red grapevines

Because terroir and cultivar are drivers of wine quality, is essential to investigate theirs effects on polyphenolic profile before promoting the implantation of a red minority variety in a specific area. This work, included in MINORVIN project, focuses in the polyphenolic profile of 7 red grapevines minority varieties of Vitis vinifera L. (Morate, Sanguina, Santafe, Terriza Tinta Jeromo Tortozona Tinta) and Tempranillo) from six typical viticulture Spanish areas: Aragón (A1), Cataluña (A2), Castilla la Mancha (A3), Castilla –León (A4), Madrid (A5) and Navarra (A6) of 2020 season. Polyphenolic substances were extracted from grapes. 35 compounds were identified and quantified (mg subtance/kg fresh berry) by HPLC and grouped in anthocyanins (ANT) flavanols (FLAVA), flavonols (FLAVO), hydroxycinnamic (AH), benzoic (BA) acids and stilbenes (ST). Antioxidant activity (AA, mmol TE /g fresh berry) was determined by DPPH method. The results were submitted to a two-way ANOVA to investigate the influence of variety, area and their interaction for each polyphenolic family and cluster analysis was used to construct hierarchical dendrograms, searching the natural groupings among the samples. Sanguina (A3) had the most of total polyphenols while Tempranillo (A5) those of ANT. Sanguina (A2) and (A3) reached the highest values of FLAVO, FLAVA and AA. These two last samples had also the maximum of AA. The effect cultivar and area were significant for all polyphenolic families analyzed. A high variability due to variety (>50%) was observed in FLAVA and the maximum value of variability due to growing area was detected in AA (86.41%), ANT and FLAVO (51%); the interaction variety*zone was significant only for ANT, FLAVO, EST and AA. Finally, dendrograms presented five cluster: i) Sanguina (A2); ii) Sanguina (A3); iii) Tempranillo (A5); iv) Tempranillo (A3); Terriza (A3,A5), Morate (A5,A6); v) Santafé (A1,A6); Tortozona tinta (A1,A3,A6); Tinta Jeromo (A3,A4).

Drought effect on aromatic and phenolic potential of seven recovered grapevine varieties in Castilla-La Mancha region (Spain)

The effects of climate change are seriously affecting the quality of wine grapes. High temperatures and drought cause imbalances in the chemical composition of grapes. The result is overripe grapes with low acidity and high sugar content, which produce wines with excessive alcohol content, lacking in freshness and not very aromatic. As a consequence, the search of varieties with capacity of produce quality grapes in adverse climate conditions is a good alternative to preserve the sustainability of vineyards. In this work, quality parameters of seven Vitis vinifera L. cultivars (five whites and two reds) recently recovered from extinction and grown under two different hydric regimes (rainfed and irrigated) were analyzed during the 2020 vintage. At harvest time, weight of 100 berries, must physicochemical parameters (brix degree, total acidity, malic acid, pH), and carbon and oxygen isotope ratios (δ13C, δ18O) were determined. Subsequently, varietal aroma potential index (IPAv) and total polyphenol index (TPI) were analyzed. Quality parameters, IPAv and TPI, showed significant differences between varieties and water regimes. Both red varieties, Moribel and Tinto Fragoso, stood out for their high aromatic and phenolic potential, which was higher under rainfed regime. Regarding to white varieties, Montonera del Casar and Jarrosuelto stood out in terms of varietal aroma potential. Montonera del Casar high acidity in its musts and Jarrosuelto showed the highest berry weights.

Mesoclimate impact on Tannat in the Atlantic terroir of Uruguay

The study of climate is relevant as an element conditioning the typicity of a product, its quality and sustainability over the years. The grapevine development and growth and the final grape and wine composition are closely related to temperature, while climate components vary at mesoscale according to topography and/or proximity to large bodies of water. The objective of this work is to assess the mesoclimate of the Atlantic region of Uruguay and to determine the effect of topography and the ocean on temperature and consequently on Tannat grapevine behavior.

The modification of cultural practices in grapevine cv. Syrah, does it modify the characteristics of the musts?

The work shows the results of a year of experimentation (2020) in a Syrah variety vineyard in La Roda (Castilla-La Mancha, Spain). The trial approach was on a randomized block design with two factors: Irrigation (I) and Pruning (P).
Irrigation schedules were adjusted to apply amounts close to 1,500 m3/ha. With this provision, 2 different irrigation treatments were proposed: I1) Start of irrigation from pea-sized grape to post-harvest (providing at least 20 % of the total amount of irrigation water to be provided post-harvest); I2) Start of irrigation from pea-sized grape to harvest (usual irrigation practice in the study area). Pruning was proposed with two treatments, one at the end of January (P1), which is pruning on a conventional date; and P2) pruning carried out at the beginning of budding. In total, 4 repetitions were designed with 4 elementary plots, each one of them representing one of the proposed treatments (I1P1; I1P2; I2P1; I2P2). In total, 16 plots were worked on and each elementary plot consisted of 30 strains, distributed in 3 lines.
The productive response was evaluated with the yield results of the harvest harvested at 23 ºBrix. The qualitative response was measured in the musts through the indices of technological (acidity, pH and potassium) and phenolic maturity and aromatic compounds in free and glycosylated fractions. The treatments tested had, in general, an effect on the different variables analyzed.