Terroir 1996 banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 Bench terraces, agricultural practices and viticultural zoning in Ribeira Sacra (Galicia, Spain).

Bench terraces, agricultural practices and viticultural zoning in Ribeira Sacra (Galicia, Spain).

Abstract

L’aire d’AOC Ribeira Sacra s’étend sur plus de 200 km au large des versants escarpés du Miño et du Sil, dans la Galice (Espagne). C’est une région viticole avec des caractéristiques bien particulières que complique leur zonage viticole. Elle est désormais une région dans laquelle les vignobles sont placés sur les versants fortement inclinés (parfois la pente est supérieure à 60% ), aménages en terrasses très étroites (les gradins n’ont souvent pas plus d’un mètre de large) avec des murs en pierres sèches qui ont derrière eux au moins un bon millénaire d’existence. Ces terrasses constituent un exemple remarquable de formations anthropiques très efficaces au point de minimiser l’érosion du sol et de conduire à formation de microclimats particulièrement adaptés aux besoins de la vigne.
Par leurs caractéristiques on peut parler de véritables anthrosols et d’un zonage initial lié au procès de construction des terrasses. Du point de vue pédologique la région est bien homogène, même s’il y a quelques variations en raison des conditions particulières d’orographie, de la nature de la roche-mère (granites, gneiss, ardoises), des facteurs locaux d’exposition (de l’ouest à sud-est), de l’altitude (200 à 450 m) et, surtout, des façons de concevoir la gestion de la fertilité chimique des sols viticoles.
D’un côté, il y a des vignes où l’entretien du sol est fait selon la manière traditionnelle, avec des apports épisodiques d’engrais végétaux : ainsi, dans de nombreux vignobles, on se contente d’épandre en couverture après la vendange, un mélange de fumier, de bois de taille, de marcs de raisin et de quelques touffes de genêts ramassées dans la lande. Le plus souvent dans ces vignobles prédominent les sols avec des teneurs en matière organique élevées (même si la matière organique est très stable et sa vitesse d’évolution est lente), sols acides et riches en aluminium échangeable (l’aluminium est souvent le plus abondant parmi les cations échangeables), à faible taux de saturation de la capacité d’échange, pauvres en potassium et avec des teneurs élevées en cuivre assimilable.
Par contre, dans le cas des vignes mieux cultivées et, surtout, dans les nouvelles plantations et les replantations, l’emploi des engrais minéraux et des amendements calciques et magnésiens est très répandu. C’est dans ces vignobles que l’on trouve des sols avec un pH neutre ou légèrement acide, une teneur en matière organique plus faible, une capacité d’échange de cations effective (CECe) plus élevée; le calcium -parfois le magnésium- sont les cations échangeables le plus couramment présents sur le complexe d’échange.
En conclusion, dans les vignobles de l’ AOC Ribeira Sacra, on peut parler d’un zonage initial associé à l’aménagement en terrasses et sur lequel se superpose un deuxième zonage (plus important au point de vue des caractéristiques chimiques des sols et du potentiel qualitatif des raisins), fonction des façons d’entretien du sol.

The particular characteristic of the Ribeira Sacra OAC in Galicia (Spain) makes complicate their viticultural zoning. In this region, vineyards are cultivated in narrow bench terraces (1 m width) on slopes up to 60%. Men along the last eight centuries, playing an important role as an effective conservation practice to prevent soil erosion, have constructed these. This practice produced an important thickening of soils, providing the development of vineyards in zones, which are characterised by their adequate microclimate.
The parent geologic materials are gneiss, granite and slate, the azimuth of the hill slopes is from south to southeast and their altitude range is from 200 to 450 m above Mediterranean Sea level. Men activities may be considered as the most important forming factor. In fact, agricultural practices acting during all this time are the most important forming factor of these soils. We observed an initial zoning of these soils derived from human activities. Furthermore, we consider that these practices correspond with the requirements of the Anthrosol FAO soil unit.
The traditional management practices that still being used include organic fertilisation and .amendment and manual cultivation up to 40 cm depth. Most relevant physicochemical properties are low pH in water and in KCI saturation extracts, high organic mater contents (with low mineralisation rate), and low base saturation percentage in the cation exchange complex, and high exchangeable aluminium and assimilable copper contents. Other farmers use lime as amendment and inorganic fertilisation that increase pH and cation exchange capacity values, and diminution of organic mater and assimilable copper content.

DOI:

Publication date: February 15, 2022

Issue:  Terroir 2002

Type: Article

Authors

José M.G. QUEIJEIRO, Eugenio L. PERIAGO, Manuel ARIAS and Benedicto SOTO

Area de Edafología y Química Agricola. FacuJtad de Ciencias de Ourense, As Lagoas s/n 32004. España

Contact the author

Keywords

Ribeira Sacra, Espagne, terrasses, entretien du sol, zonage
Ribeira Sacra, Spain, bench terraces, viticultural zoning, cultural practices

Tags

IVES Conference Series | Terroir 2002

Citation

Related articles…

Modeling the suitability of Pinot Noir in Oregon’s Willamette Valley in a changing climate

Air temperature is the key driver of grapevine phenology and a significant environmental factor impacting yield and quality for a winegrape growing region. In this study the optimal downscaled CMIP5 ensemble for computing thegrowing season average temperature (GST) viticulture climate classification index was determined to spatially compute on a decadal basis predictions of the GST climate index and the grapevine sugar ripeness (GSR) model for Pinot Noir throughout the Willamette Valley (WV) American Viticultural Area (AVA). Forecasts for average temperature and a 220 g/L target sugar concentration level were computed using daily Localized Constructed Analogs (LOCA) downscaled CMIP5 historic and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) future climate projections of minimum and maximum daily temperature. We explore spatiotemporal trends of the GST climate classification index and Pinot Noir specific applications of the GSR phenology model for the WV AVA. Spatiotemporal computations of the GST climate index and Pinot Noir specific applications of the GSR model enable the opportunity to explore relationships between their computed values with one intent being to provide updated GST ranges that better align with current temperature-based modeling understanding of Pinot Noir grapevine phenology and the viticultural application of LOCA CMIP5 climate projections for the WV AVA. The Pinot Noir specific applications of the GSR model or the GST index with updated bounds indicate that the percent of the WV AVA area suitable for Pinot Noir production is currently at or near its peak value in the upper 80s to lower 90s of this century.

Local adaptation tools to ensure the viticultural sustainability in a changing climate

[lwp_divi_breadcrumbs home_text="IVES" use_before_icon="on" before_icon="||divi||400" module_id="publication-ariane" _builder_version="4.19.4" _module_preset="default" module_text_align="center" module_font_size="16px" text_orientation="center"...

Impact of yeast derivatives to increase the phenolic maturity and aroma intensity of wine

Using viticultural and enological techniques to increase aromatics in white wine is a prized yet challenging technique for commercial wine producers. Equally difficult are challenges encountered in hastening phenolic maturity and thereby increasing color intensity in red wines. The ability to alter organoleptic and visual properties of wines plays a decisive role in vintages in which grapes are not able to reach full maturity, which is seen increasingly more often as a result of climate change. A new, yeast-based product on the viticultural market may give the opportunity to increase sensory properties of finished wines. Manufacturer packaging claims these yeast derivatives intensify wine aromas of white grape varieties, as well as improve phenolic ripeness of red varieties, but the effects of this application have been little researched until now. The current study applied the yeast derivative, according to the manufacture’s instructions, to the leaves of both neutral and aromatic white wine varieties, as well as on structured red wine varieties. Chemical parameters and volatile aromatics were analyzed in grape musts and finished wines, and all wines were subjected to sensory analysis by a tasting panel. Collective results of all analyses showed that the application of the yeast derivative in the vineyard showed no effect across all varieties examined, and did not intensify white wine aromatics, nor improve phenolic ripeness and color intensity in red wine.

Influence of a spontaneous cover crop on the vineyard and soil erosion under Mediterranean climate

Sixty five % of the agricultural area of the Basque Country located in the DO Ca Rioja corresponds to vineyards. More than 40% of it has an average slope greater than 10%, which makes it sensitive to erosive processes. Furthermore, it is foreseeable that extreme weather events (storms, hail, extreme heat and cold, etc.) will be favored due to climate change. Cover cropping can mitigate this risk, and therefore the objective of this work is to evaluate the impact that a vegetable cover has on the agronomic behavior of the vineyard, the quality of the grape and soil erosion. For this, a trial has been carried out with a Graciano variety vineyard with a slope between 10% -20% during the years 2020 and 2021. Conventional tillage management in the area has been compared (4-6 passes per year of tillage machinery) versus spontaneous vegetation cover management in the vineyard. This implies not tilling and allowing the grass of the land to colonize the range between the lines of vines, controlling their height through 1-3 mowing passes per year, always trying to affect the surface of the land as little as possible. The vegetative growth, yield and quality of the grape and wine was measured. Furthermore, erosion has been measured using Gerlasch boxes. The yield was lower in the second year of the trial in the cover crop treatment, but erosion was significantly reduced.

Late season canopy management practices to reduce sugar loading and improve color profile of Cabernet-Sauvignon grapes and wines in the high irradiance and hot conditions of California Central Valley

Global warming is accelerating grape ripening, leading to unbalanced wines from fruit with high sugar content but poor aroma and colour development. Reducing the size of the photosynthetic apparatus after veraison has been shown to delay technological ripeness in cool climates, but methods have not been tested in areas with high irradiance and temperature where fruit exposure could have disastrous effects on berry composition. In this Cabernet-Sauvignon trial, we compared the application of an antitranspirant (pinolene), to severe canopy topping and above bunch zone leaf removal, all performed at mid-ripening, with an untouched control. We monitored the vines weekly by measuring stem water potential, gas exchange, fruit zone light exposure. We sampled berries to measure berry weight, total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, and the anthocyanin profile. At harvest, we assessed yield components, measured carbon isotope discrimination, rated sunburn on clusters, and produced experimental wines. We submitted harvest samples to metabolomic profiling through PFP-Q Exactive MS/MS and wines to sensory analysis. Application of the antitranspirant significantly reduced stomatal conductance and assimilation rate but did not affect the stem water potential. Inversely, leaf removal and topping increased water potential but did not affect leaf gas exchange. The late topping was the only treatment able to decrease sugar content (up to 2Bx), increase titratable acidity and pH, and improve anthocyanin content because of lower degradation of di-hydroxylated forms. Late leaf removal above the bunch zone increased lightning conditions in the canopy and produced the most significant damage on fruits. Yield components were not affected. This work suggests that late-season canopy management can effectively control ripening speeds and improve grapes and wines. Still, the effect on grape exposure in a critical time must be well balanced to avoid problems with the appropriate technique.