Terroir 1996 banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 Bench terraces, agricultural practices and viticultural zoning in Ribeira Sacra (Galicia, Spain).

Bench terraces, agricultural practices and viticultural zoning in Ribeira Sacra (Galicia, Spain).

Abstract

L’aire d’AOC Ribeira Sacra s’étend sur plus de 200 km au large des versants escarpés du Miño et du Sil, dans la Galice (Espagne). C’est une région viticole avec des caractéristiques bien particulières que complique leur zonage viticole. Elle est désormais une région dans laquelle les vignobles sont placés sur les versants fortement inclinés (parfois la pente est supérieure à 60% ), aménages en terrasses très étroites (les gradins n’ont souvent pas plus d’un mètre de large) avec des murs en pierres sèches qui ont derrière eux au moins un bon millénaire d’existence. Ces terrasses constituent un exemple remarquable de formations anthropiques très efficaces au point de minimiser l’érosion du sol et de conduire à formation de microclimats particulièrement adaptés aux besoins de la vigne.
Par leurs caractéristiques on peut parler de véritables anthrosols et d’un zonage initial lié au procès de construction des terrasses. Du point de vue pédologique la région est bien homogène, même s’il y a quelques variations en raison des conditions particulières d’orographie, de la nature de la roche-mère (granites, gneiss, ardoises), des facteurs locaux d’exposition (de l’ouest à sud-est), de l’altitude (200 à 450 m) et, surtout, des façons de concevoir la gestion de la fertilité chimique des sols viticoles.
D’un côté, il y a des vignes où l’entretien du sol est fait selon la manière traditionnelle, avec des apports épisodiques d’engrais végétaux : ainsi, dans de nombreux vignobles, on se contente d’épandre en couverture après la vendange, un mélange de fumier, de bois de taille, de marcs de raisin et de quelques touffes de genêts ramassées dans la lande. Le plus souvent dans ces vignobles prédominent les sols avec des teneurs en matière organique élevées (même si la matière organique est très stable et sa vitesse d’évolution est lente), sols acides et riches en aluminium échangeable (l’aluminium est souvent le plus abondant parmi les cations échangeables), à faible taux de saturation de la capacité d’échange, pauvres en potassium et avec des teneurs élevées en cuivre assimilable.
Par contre, dans le cas des vignes mieux cultivées et, surtout, dans les nouvelles plantations et les replantations, l’emploi des engrais minéraux et des amendements calciques et magnésiens est très répandu. C’est dans ces vignobles que l’on trouve des sols avec un pH neutre ou légèrement acide, une teneur en matière organique plus faible, une capacité d’échange de cations effective (CECe) plus élevée; le calcium -parfois le magnésium- sont les cations échangeables le plus couramment présents sur le complexe d’échange.
En conclusion, dans les vignobles de l’ AOC Ribeira Sacra, on peut parler d’un zonage initial associé à l’aménagement en terrasses et sur lequel se superpose un deuxième zonage (plus important au point de vue des caractéristiques chimiques des sols et du potentiel qualitatif des raisins), fonction des façons d’entretien du sol.

The particular characteristic of the Ribeira Sacra OAC in Galicia (Spain) makes complicate their viticultural zoning. In this region, vineyards are cultivated in narrow bench terraces (1 m width) on slopes up to 60%. Men along the last eight centuries, playing an important role as an effective conservation practice to prevent soil erosion, have constructed these. This practice produced an important thickening of soils, providing the development of vineyards in zones, which are characterised by their adequate microclimate.
The parent geologic materials are gneiss, granite and slate, the azimuth of the hill slopes is from south to southeast and their altitude range is from 200 to 450 m above Mediterranean Sea level. Men activities may be considered as the most important forming factor. In fact, agricultural practices acting during all this time are the most important forming factor of these soils. We observed an initial zoning of these soils derived from human activities. Furthermore, we consider that these practices correspond with the requirements of the Anthrosol FAO soil unit.
The traditional management practices that still being used include organic fertilisation and .amendment and manual cultivation up to 40 cm depth. Most relevant physicochemical properties are low pH in water and in KCI saturation extracts, high organic mater contents (with low mineralisation rate), and low base saturation percentage in the cation exchange complex, and high exchangeable aluminium and assimilable copper contents. Other farmers use lime as amendment and inorganic fertilisation that increase pH and cation exchange capacity values, and diminution of organic mater and assimilable copper content.

DOI:

Publication date: February 15, 2022

Issue:  Terroir 2002

Type: Article

Authors

José M.G. QUEIJEIRO, Eugenio L. PERIAGO, Manuel ARIAS and Benedicto SOTO

Area de Edafología y Química Agricola. FacuJtad de Ciencias de Ourense, As Lagoas s/n 32004. España

Contact the author

Keywords

Ribeira Sacra, Espagne, terrasses, entretien du sol, zonage
Ribeira Sacra, Spain, bench terraces, viticultural zoning, cultural practices

Tags

IVES Conference Series | Terroir 2002

Citation

Related articles…

Updating the Winkler index: An analysis of Cabernet sauvignon in Napa Valley’s varied and changing climate

This study aims to create an updated, agile viticultural climate index (similar to the Winkler Index) by performing in-depth analyses of current and historical data from industry partners in several major winegrowing regions. The Winkler Index was developed in the early twentieth century based on analysis of various grape-growing regions in California. The index uses heat accumulation (i.e. Growing Degree Days) throughout the growing season to determine which grape varieties are best suited to each region. As viticultural regions are increasingly subject to the complexity and uncertainty of a changing climate, a more rigorous, agile model is needed to aid grape growers in determining which cultivars to plant where. For the first phase of this study, 21 industry partners throughout Napa Valley shared historical phenology, harvest, viticultural practice, and weather data related to their Cabernet sauvignon vineyard blocks. To complement this data, berry samples were collected throughout the 2021 growing season from 50 vineyard blocks located throughout 16 American Viticultural Areas that were then analyzed for basic berry chemistry and phenolics. These blocks have been mapped using a Geographic Information System (GIS), enabling analysis of altitude, vineyard row orientation, slope, and remotely sensed climate data. Sampling sites were also chosen based on their proximity to a weather station. By analyzing historical data from industry partners and data specifically collected for this study, it is possible to identify key parameters for further analysis. Initial results indicate extreme variability at a high spatial resolution not currently accounted for in modern viticultural climate indices and suggest that viticultural practices play a major role. Using the structure of data collection and analyses developed for the first phase, this project will soon be expanded to other wine regions globally, while continuing data collection in Napa Valley.

Climate and the evolving mix of grape varieties in Australia’s wine regions

The purpose of this study is to examine the changing mix of winegrape varieties in Australia so as to address the question: In the light of key climate indicators and predictions of further climate change, how appropriate are the grape varieties currently planted in Australia’s wine regions? To achieve this, regions are classified into zones according to each region’s climate variables, particularly average growing season temperature (GST), leaving aside within-region variations in climates. Five different climatic classifications are reported. Using projections of GSTs for the mid- and late 21st century, the extent to which each region is projected to move from its current zone classification to a warmer one is reported. Also shown is the changing proportion of each of 21 key varieties grown in a GST zone considered to be optimal for premium winegrape production. Together these indicators strengthen earlier suggestions that the mix of varieties may be currently less than ideal in many Australian wine regions, and would become even less so in coming decades if that mix was not altered in the anticipation of climate change. That is, grape varieties in many (especially the warmest) regions will have to keep changing, or wineries will have to seek fruit from higher latitudes or elevations if they wish to retain their current mix of varieties and wine styles.

Climate ethnography and wine environmental futures

Globalisation and climate change have radically transformed world wine production upsetting the established order of wine ecologies. Ecological risks and the future of traditional agricultural systems are widely debated in anthropology, but very little is understood of the particular challenges posed by climate change to viticulture which is seen by many as the canary in the coalmine of global agriculture. Moreover, wine as a globalised embedded commodity provides a particularly telling example for the study of climate change having already attracted early scientific attention. Studies of climate change in viticulture have focused primarily on the production of systematic models of adaptation and vulnerability, while the human and cultural factors, which are key to adaptation and sustainable futures, are largely missing. Climate experts have been unanimous in recognising the urgent need for a better understanding of the complex dynamics that shape how climate change is experienced and responded to by human systems. Yet this call has not yet been addressed. Climate ethnography, coined by the anthropologist Susan Crate (2011), aims to bridge this growing disjuncture between climate science and everyday life through the exploration of the social meaning of climate change. It seeks to investigate the confrontation of its social salience in different locations and under different environmental guises (Goodman 2018: 340). By understanding how wine producers make sense of the world (and the environment) and act in it, it proposes to focus on the co-production of interdisciplinary knowledge by identifying and foreshadowing problems (Goodman 2018: 342; Goodman & Marshall 2018). It seeks to offer an original, transformative and contrasted perspective to climate change scenarios by investigating human agency -individual or collective- in all its social, political and cultural diversity. An anthropological approach founded on detailed ethnographies of wine production is ideally placed to address economic, social and cultural disruptions caused by the emergence of these new environmental challenges. Indeed, the community of experts in environmental change have recently called for research that will encompass the human dimension and for more broad-based, integrated through interdisciplinarity, useful knowledge (Castree & al 2014). My paper seeks to engage with climate ethnography and discuss what it brings to the study of wine environmental futures while exploring the limitations of the anthropological environmental approach.

Influence of weather and climatic conditions on the viticultural production in Croatia

The research includes an analysis of the impact of weather conditions on phenological development of the vine and grape quality, through monitoring of four experimental cultivars (Chardonnay, Graševina, Merlot and Plavac mali) over two production years. In each experimental vineyard, which were evenly distributed throughout the regions of Slavonia and The Croatian Danube, Croatian Uplands,

Different soil types and relief influence the quality of Merlot grapes in a relatively small area in the Vipava Valley (Slovenia) in relation to the vine water status

Besides location and microclimatic conditions, soil plays an important role in the quality of grapes and wine. Soil properties influence…