terclim by ICS banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 METHYL SALICYLATE, A COMPOUND INVOLVED IN BORDEAUX RED WINES PRODUCED WITHOUT SULFITES ADDITION

METHYL SALICYLATE, A COMPOUND INVOLVED IN BORDEAUX RED WINES PRODUCED WITHOUT SULFITES ADDITION

Abstract

Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) is the most commonly used additive during winemaking to protect wine from oxidation and from microorganisms. Thus, since the 18th century, SO₂ was almost systematically present in wines. Recently, wines produced without any addition of SO₂ during all the winemaking process including bottling became more and more popular for consumers. A recent study dedicated to sensory characterization of Bordeaux red wines produced without added SO₂, revealed that such wines were perceived differently from similar wines produced with using SO₂ and were characterized by specific fruity aromas and coolness1,2. The aim of this study was therefore to progress in wines without added SO₂ specificities characterization, focusing on compounds involved in their particular aroma.

To identify these compounds, a sensory targeted approach using semi-preparative HPLC3 followed by GC-O and GC-MS characterization was applied. For that, the same wines than those used for previous sensory characterization were studied. These wines were produced in 2017 from same merlot grape batches, according to a standard winemaking process, with or without SO₂ addition. First of all, wine aroma extracts were fractionated by semi-preparative HPLC to identify fractions perceived differently between wines. After comparing the fractions of the wines with or without sulfites, three consecutive fractions have been selected for their olfactive difference between the wines. These fractions were then analyzed by GC-O and GC-MS. Methyl salicylate was identified as responsible for sensory differences observed between these fractions. This compound was quantified4 in a large set of commercial red wines. Methyl salicylate was present at higher concentrations in the wines without added SO₂ ranging from 6 to 105 µg/L whereas, in the wines with added SO₂, its concentration was below 10 µg/L. Sensory threshold of methyl salicylate was determined in red wines at 62.3 µg/L and one-quarter of the wines without sulfites studied, presented a concentration higher than this threshold.

Finally, methyl salicylate qualitative sensory impact was characterized in wines without added SO₂ by sensory profile determinations. This was done after a descriptor generation procedure and an adapted training on natural references associated to generated descriptors. This revealed that methyl salicylate was at the origin of wine without added SO₂ coolness and modified fruity aroma perception of these wines.

 

1. Pelonnier-Magimel, E., Mangiorou, P., Philippe, D., Revel, G. de, Jourdes, M., Marchal, A., Marchand, S., Pons, A., Riquier, L., Teissedre, P.-L., Thibon, C., Lytra, G., Tempère, S., & Barbe, J.-C. (2020). Sensory characterisation of Bordeaux red wines produced without added sulfites. OENO One, 54(4), Art. 4.
2. Pelonnier-Magimel, E., Windholtz, S., Pomarède, I. M., & Barbe, J.-C. (2020). Sensory characterisation of wines without added sulfites via specific and adapted sensory profile. OENO One, 54(4), Art. 4.
3. Pineau, B., Barbe, J.-C., Van Leeuwen, C., & Dubourdieu, D. (2009). Examples of perceptive interactions involved in specific “red-” and “black-berry” aromas in red wines. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 57(9), 3702-3708.
4. Poitou, X., Redon, P., Pons, A., Bruez, E., Delière, L., Marchal, A., Cholet, C., Geny-Denis, L., & Darriet, P. (2021). Methyl salicy-late, a grape and wine chemical marker and sensory contributor in wines elaborated from grapes affected or not by cryptogamic diseases. Food Chemistry, 360, 130120.

DOI:

Publication date: February 9, 2024

Issue: OENO Macrowine 2023

Type: Poster

Authors

Edouard Pelonnier-Magimel1,2, Georgia Lytra1,2, Céline Franc1,2, Laura Farris1,2, Philippe Darriet1,2, Jean-Christophe Barbe1,2

1. Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, INRAE, OENO, UMR 1366, ISVV, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
2. Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Bordeaux INP, INRAE, OENO, UMR 1366, ISVV, F-33170 Gradignan, France

Contact the author*

Keywords

Wines without added sulfites, Methyl salicylate, Sensory analysis, GC-O

Tags

IVES Conference Series | oeno macrowine 2023 | oeno-macrowine

Citation

Related articles…

INVESTIGATION OF MALIC ACID METABOLIC PATHWAYS DURING ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION USING GC-MS, LC-MS, AND NMR DERIVED 13C-LABELED DATA

Malic acid has a strong impact on wine pH and the contribution of fermenting yeasts to modulate its concentration has been intensively investigated in the past. Recent advances in yeast genetics have shed light on the unexpected property of some strains to produce large amounts of malic acid (“acidic strains”) while most of the wine starters consume it during the alcoholic fermentation. Being a key metabolite of the central carbohydrate metabolism, malic acid participates to TCA and glyoxylate cycles as well as neoglucogenesis. Although present at important concentrations in grape juice, the metabolic fate of malic acid has been poorly investigated.

Read More

CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK TO PREDICT GENETIC GROUP AND SULFUR TOLERANCE OF BRETTANOMYCES BRUXELLENSIS

[lwp_divi_breadcrumbs home_text="IVES" use_before_icon="on" before_icon="||divi||400" module_id="publication-ariane" _builder_version="4.20.4" _module_preset="default" module_text_align="center" module_font_size="16px" text_orientation="center"...
Read More

UNRAVELING THE CHEMICAL MECHANISM OF MND FORMATION IN RED WINE DURING BOTTLE AGING : IDENTIFICATION OF A NEW GLUCOSYLATED HYDROXYKETONE PRO-PRECURSOR

During bottle aging, the development of wine aroma through low and gradual oxygen exposure is often positive in red wines, but can be unfavorable in many cases, resulting in a rapid loss of fresh, fruity flavors. Prematurely aged wines are marked by intense prune and fig aromatic nuances that dominate the desirable bouquet achieved through aging (Pons et al., 2013). This aromatic defect, in part, is caused by the presence of 3-methyl-2,4-nonanedione (MND). MND content was shown to be lower in nonoxidized red wines and higher in oxidized red wines, which systematically exceeds the odor detection threshold (62 ng/L).

Read More

INSIGHTS ON THE ROLE OF GENES ON AROMA FORMATION OF WINES

Yeast secondary metabolism is a complex network of biochemical pathways and the genetic profile of the yeast carrying out the alcoholic fermentation is obviously important in the formation of the metabolites conferring specific odors to wine. The aim of the present research was to investigate the relative expression of genes involved in flavor compound production in eight different Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains.
Two commercial yeast strains Sc1 (S.cerevisiae x S.bayanus) and Sc2 (S.cerevisiae) and six indigenous S. cerevisiae strains (Sc3, Sc4, Sc5, Sc6, Sc7, Sc8) isolated during spontaneous fermentations were inoculated in Assyrtiko and Vidiano grape must.

Read More

SENSORY CHARACTERIZATION OF COGNAC EAUX-DE-VIE AGED IN BARRELS REPRESENTING DIFFERENT TOASTING PROCESS

Cognac is an outstanding french wine spirit appreciated around the world and produced exclusively in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, and more precisely in the Cognac area. According to AOC regulations (Appellation D’origine Controlée), the spirit required at least 2 years of continuous ageing in oak barrels to be granted the title of Cognac. The oak wood will import color, structure and organoleptic complexity. The different steps during barrel-making process, such as seasoning and toasting, influence the above quality attributes in both wines and spirits.

Read More