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IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 OIV 9 OIV 2024 9 Orals - Oenology, methods of analysis 9 Distinctive flavour or taint? The case of smoky characters in wine

Distinctive flavour or taint? The case of smoky characters in wine

Abstract

Forest fires in the vicinity of vineyards have significantly increased in the last decade and are a concern for grapegrowers and winemakers in many wine producing countries. The fires cause smoke drift throughout vineyards which cannot be avoided and may result in the production of wines described as ‘smoke tainted’. Such wines are characterized by undesirable sensory characters described as ‘smoky’, ‘burnt’, ‘ash’ aromas and flavours, and also may cause a lingering, unpleasant ashy aftertaste [1; 2]. However, smoke taint in wine is not a new phenomenon and has already been described in 1892 by giacomo grazzi-soncini in his classic textbook on wine classification, tasting, qualities, and defects: “with the smoky taste a wine…. Changes into a liquid not to be tolerated by even the most uncritical palate.“ [3].  It is worth noting that smoky aromas in wine and other beverages are not a priori quality defects – smoky characters like struck flint/struck match/gun smoke/mineral aromas are considered desirable in some styles of wines, such as burgundian chablis and cooler climate barrel-fermented australian chardonnay [4], and are deliberately introduced into many wine styles through ageing in toasted oak barrels. In addition, smoky characters are widely found and appreciated in spirits, particularly peat whiskeys and certain mezcals.  Compounds typically associated with smoky aromas in wine and other beverages are volatile phenols, esp. Guaiacol and cresols, and the volatile thiols phenylmethane-thiol and 2-furylmethanethiol. In addition to these aroma compounds, glycosides formed by grapes from volatile phenols are not only reliable markers for the detection of smoke exposure of grapes and important flavour precursors which slowly release smoky aromas during winemaking and ageing of wine, but also have a direct impact on the perceived smoke flavour, including smoky/ashy aftertaste. In this presentation, a summary will be presented about smoky flavours in wine and the contribution to wine aroma and flavour of volatile phenols and thiols, as well as glycoconjugates. Topics covered include methods of analysis, sources and formation of smoky flavour compounds in wine. Approaches for detecting and managing environmental smoke exposure of grapes and undesirable smoky flavours in wine will be discussed, together with sensory data from reconstitution and consumer sensory experiments, to explore what represents unacceptable smoke taint in the eyes of the beholder. 

1. M.p. Krstic, d.l. Johnson and m.j. Herderich. Ajgwr (2015) 21, 537-553. Doi: 10.1111/ajgw.12183. 2. W.w. Jiang, e. Bilogrevic, m. Parker, i. L. Francis, p. Leske, y. Hayasaka, s. Barter and m. Herderich. Ajgwr (2022) doi: 10.1155/2022/9820204. 3. G. Grazzi-soncini (1892) “wine. Classification – wine tasting – qualities and defects”, translated by f.t. Bioletti. California. Board of state viticultural commissioners. Biennial report of the california board of state viticultural commissioners. Appendix e.  4. D. Espinase nandorfy, t. Siebert, e. Bilogrevic, d. Likos, f. Watson, s. Barter, l. Pisaniello, a. Kulcsar, r. Shellie, r. Keast, l. Francis and m. Bekker. Ajgwr (2023). Doi:10.1155/2023/8847476.

Notes fumées dans le vin: goût typique ou arôme désagréable? 

Les incendies de forêt près des vignobles ont considérablement augmenté au cours de la dernière décennie, causant des problèmes aux viticulteurs de nombreux pays viticoles. Les incendies provoquent des fumées dans les vignes pouvant conduire à l’élaboration de vins aux notes fumées. Ces vins se caractérisent par des caractéristiques sensorielles indésirables décrites comme des arômes et des saveurs « fumés », « brûlés », « cendrés », et peuvent également provoquer un arrière-goût cendré persistant et désagréable [1 ; 2]. Cependant, le goût de fumée dans le vin n’est pas un phénomène nouveau et a été décrit dès 1892 par giacomo grazzi-soncini dans son manuel classique sur la classification, la dégustation, les qualités et les défauts du vin : « avec le goût de fumée, un vin se transforme en un liquide que même le palais le moins critique ne peut tolérer. »  il convient de noter que les saveurs fumées du vin et des autres boissons ne sont pas des défauts de qualité en soi. Les arômes de fumée sont délibérément introduits dans certains styles de vins tels que le chardonnay [4] et lors de la maturation en fûts de chêne grillés. De plus, les arômes fumés sont courants et appréciés dans les spiritueux, notamment dans les whiskies et certains mezcals.  Les composés aromatisants généralement associés aux arômes de fumée du vin et d’autres boissons sont des phénols volatils, en particulier le gaïacol et le crésol, ainsi que des thiols. En plus de ces composés aromatiques, les glycosides formés par les raisins à partir de phénols volatils sont non seulement des marqueurs fiables pour détecter l’exposition des raisins à la fumée, mais également d’importants précurseurs d’arômes qui libèrent lentement des arômes fumés pendant la vinification et le vieillissement du vin.  Cette présentation donnera un aperçu des arômes fumés du vin et de la contribution des phénols et thiols volatils ainsi que des glycoconjugués à l’arôme et au goût du vin. Les sujets abordés comprennent les méthodes d’analyse, les sources et la formation de substances aromatiques fumées dans le vin. Des approches permettant de détecter l’exposition des raisins à la fumée ambiante sont présentées et les données sensorielles issues de la reconstitution et des expériences avec les consommateurs sont discutées afin d’examiner ce qui constitue un goût de fumée inacceptable aux yeux des consommateurs. 

M.p. Krstic, d.l. Johnson and m.j. Herderich. Ajgwr (2015) 21, 537-553. Doi: 10.1111/ajgw.12183. 2. W.w. Jiang, e. Bilogrevic, m. Parker, i. L. Francis, p. Leske, y. Hayasaka, s. Barter and m. Herderich. Ajgwr (2022) doi: 10.1155/2022/9820204. 3. G. Grazzi-soncini (1892) “wine. Classification – wine tasting – qualities and defects”, translated by f.t. Bioletti. California. Board of state viticultural commissioners. Biennial report of the california board of state viticultural commissioners. Appendix e.  4. D. Espinase nandorfy, t. Siebert, e. Bilogrevic, d. Likos, f. Watson, s. Barter, l. Pisaniello, a. Kulcsar, r. Shellie, r. Keast, l. Francis and m. Bekker. Ajgwr (2023). Doi:10.1155/2023/8847476.

Rauchnoten in wein: typischer geschmack oder fehlaroma?

Waldbrände in der nähe von weinbergen haben im letzten jahrzehnt erheblich zugenommen und bereiten winzern in vielen weinanbauländern probleme. Durch die brände kommt es zu rauch in den weinbergen zur produktion von weinen mit rauch-noten führen kann. Solche weine zeichnen sich durch unerwünschte sensorische eigenschaften aus, die als „rauchige“, „verbrannte“, „asche“ aromen und geschmacksrichtungen beschrieben werden, und können auch einen anhaltenden, unangenehmen ascheigen nachgeschmack verursachen [1; 2]. Rauchgeschmack im wein ist jedoch kein neues phänomen und wurde bereits 1892 von giacomo grazzi-soncini in seinem klassischen lehrbuch über weinklassifizierung, verkostung, qualitäten und mängel beschrieben: „mit dem rauchgeschmack verändert sich ein wein zu einer flüssigkeit, die selbst der unkritischste gaumen nicht verträgt.“ [3]  es ist erwähnenswert, dass rauchige aromen in wein und anderen getränken nicht von vornherein qualitätsmängel sind. Raucharomen werden bei einigen weinstilen wie z.b. In chardonnay [4] und durch die reifung in gerösteten eichenfässern bewusst in viele weinstile eingeführt. Darüber hinaus sind rauchige aromen in spirituosen weit verbreitet und werden geschätzt, insbesondere in whiskys und bestimmten mezcals.  Aromastoffe, die typischerweise mit rauchigen aromen in wein und anderen getränken in verbindung gebracht werden, sind flüchtige phenole, insbesondere guajakol und kresol sowie deinige thiole. Zusätzlich zu diesen aromastoffen sind glykoside, die von trauben aus flüchtigen phenolen gebildet werden, nicht nur zuverlässige marker zur erkennung der rauchbelastung von trauben, sonder auch wichtige geschmacksvorläufer, die bei der weinherstellung und reifung von wein langsam rauchige aromen freisetzen.  In diesem vortrag wird eine uebersicht über rauchige aromen in wein und den beitrag flüchtiger phenole und thiole sowie glykokonjugate zum weinaroma und -geschmack gegeben. Zu den behandelten themen gehören analysemethoden, unf quellen und bildung rauchiger aromastoffe im wein. Es werden ansätze zur erkennung der umweltrauchbelastung von trauben vorgestellt und sensorische daten aus rekonstitutions- und konsumentenexperimenten diskutiert, um zu untersuchen, was in den augen der verbraucher einen inakzeptablen rauchgeschmack darstellt. 

1. M.p. Krstic, d.l. Johnson and m.j. Herderich. Ajgwr (2015) 21, 537-553. Doi: 10.1111/ajgw.12183. 2. W.w. Jiang, e. Bilogrevic, m. Parker, i. L. Francis, p. Leske, y. Hayasaka, s. Barter and m. Herderich. Ajgwr (2022) doi: 10.1155/2022/9820204. 3. G. Grazzi-soncini (1892) “wine. Classification – wine tasting – qualities and defects”, translated by f.t. Bioletti. California. Board of state viticultural commissioners. Biennial report of the california board of state viticultural commissioners. Appendix e.  4. D. Espinase nandorfy, t. Siebert, e. Bilogrevic, d. Likos, f. Watson, s. Barter, l. Pisaniello, a. Kulcsar, r. Shellie, r. Keast, l. Francis and m. Bekker. Ajgwr (2023). Doi:10.1155/2023/8847476.

Publication date: November 18, 2024

Issue: OIV 2024

Type: Article

Authors

Markus Herderich¹, Wenwen Jiang¹, Tracey Siebert¹, Mango Parker¹

¹ AWRI (Australian Wine Research Institute) – Urrbrae, Australia

Contact the author*

Tags

IVES Conference Series | OIV | OIV 2024

Citation

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