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IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 OIV 9 OIV 2024 9 Orals - Oenology, methods of analysis 9 Use of glutathione and a selected strain of metschnikowia pulcherrima as alternatives to sulphur dioxide to inhibit natural tyrosinase of grape must and prevent browning

Use of glutathione and a selected strain of metschnikowia pulcherrima as alternatives to sulphur dioxide to inhibit natural tyrosinase of grape must and prevent browning

Abstract

The enzymatic browning of grape must is still a major problem in oenology today [1] being particularly serious when the grapes have been infected by grey rot [2]. Browning is an oxidation process that causes certain foods to turn brown, which often leads to them being rejected by consumers [3]. This is a particular problem in the case of wine, because grape must is very vulnerable to enzymatic browning [4]. In wineries, the addition of sulphur dioxide to grape must is the most common tool for protecting it against enzymatic browning since this additive is a potent inhibitor of tyrosinase and laccase [5] and also has antimicrobial properties [6]. Nevertheless, the wine industry is currently trying to reduce and even eliminate the use of sulphur dioxide due to its negative effects on the environment and human health. Hence, some alternatives to sulphur dioxide have been proposed over recent years to prevent browning being probably the use of glutathione, pure or in form of inactivated dry yeasts rich in glutathione [7], and bioprotection with metschnikowia pulcherrima [8] the most promising tools. For all these reasons, the aim of this research was to develop a model to study the inhibitory effect against browning of glutathione and a selected strain of metschnikowia pulcherrima (level2 initia™ lallemand inc, montreal, canada) in grape must.   A grape must, obtained from healthy grapes, was drastically treated with pvpp in order to eliminate all phenolic compounds. This discoloured grape must was supplemented with different concentrations of caftaric acid and saturated in oxygen. The tyrosinase activity was monitored following the increase in the absorbance at 420 nm. This model showed a michaelian behaviour making possible to determine the kinetic parameters of the enzyme (vmax and km).  This enzymatic model was then used to determine the inhibitory effect of pure glutathione and a selected strain of metschnikowia pulcherrima in comparison with the most used antioxidants in winemaking: sulphur dioxide and ascorbic acid. The results showed that both, glutathione and the selected strain of metschnikowia pulcherrima really inhibit the oxidative activity of tyrosinase protecting grape must from browning. These results confirm therefore the interest of using glutathione and the selected strain of metschnikowia pulcherrima to reduce and even eliminate the use of sulphur dioxide in winemaking. 

Acknowledges  this research was funded by the spanish ministry of science and innovation, inter-ministerial commission for science and technology (cicyt – project pid2022-139868ob-c33).  Bibliography  [1] li, h., guo, a., & wang, h. (2008). Food chem., 108, 1-13. [2]  ky, i., lorrain, b., jourdes, m., pasquier, g., fermaud, m., gény, l., rey, p., doneche, b., & teissedre, p. L. (2012). Aust. J. Grape wine res., 18(2), 215–226. [3] friedman, m. (1996). J. Agric. Food chem., 44, 631–653. [4] oliveira, c. M., ferreira, a. C., de freitas, v., & silva, a. M. (2011). Oxidation mechanisms occurring in wines. Food res. Int., 44, 1115–1126. [5] giménez, p., anguela, s., just-borras, a., pons-mercadé, p., vignault, a., canals, j. M., teissedre, p. L., & zamora, f. (2022). Lwt – food sci. Technol., 154 (2022) 112871. [6] ough, cs., & crowell, e. A. (1987). Use of sulphur dioxide in winemaking. J. Food sci., 52, 386–389. [7] bustamante, m., giménez, p., just-borras, a., solé-clua, i., gombau, j., heras, j.m., sieczkowski, n., gil, m., pérez-navarro, j., gómez-alonso, s., canals, j.m., zamora, f. (2024). Foods, 13, 310. [8] bustamante, m., giménez, p., just-borras, a., solé-clua, i., gombau, j., heras, j.m., sieczkowski, n., gil, m., canals, j.m., zamora, f. (2024). Oeno one, 58, 1-10.

Utilisation de glutathion et d’une souche sélectionnée de metschnikowia pulcherrima comme alternatives au dioxyde de soufre pour inhiber la tyrosinase naturelle du moût de raisin et prévenir le brunissement

Le brunissement enzymatique des moûts de raisin est encore aujourd’hui un problème majeur en œnologie [1], particulièrement grave lorsque les raisins ont été infectés par la pourriture grise [2]. Le brunissement est un processus d’oxydation qui fait brunir certains aliments, ce qui conduit souvent à leur rejet par les consommateurs [3]. C’est un problème particulier dans le cas du vin, car le moût de raisin est très vulnérable au brunissement enzymatique [4]. Dans les caves, l’ajout de dioxyde de soufre au moût de raisin est l’outil le plus courant pour le protéger contre le brunissement enzymatique puisque cet additif est un puissant inhibiteur de la tyrosinase et de la laccase [5] et possède également des propriétés antimicrobiennes [6]. Néanmoins, l’industrie vitivinicole tente actuellement de réduire, voire d’éliminer, l’utilisation du dioxyde de soufre en raison de ses effets négatifs sur l’environnement et la santé humaine. Ainsi, des alternatives au dioxyde de soufre ont été proposées ces dernières années pour éviter le brunissement, les outils les plus prometteurs étant probablement l’utilisation de glutathion, pur ou sous forme de levures sèches inactivées riches en glutathion [7], et la bioprotection avec metschnikowia pulcherrima [8]. Pour toutes ces raisons, le but de cette recherche était de développer un modèle pour étudier l’effet inhibiteur du glutathion et d’une souche sélectionnée de metschnikowia pulcherrima (level2 initia™ lallemand inc, montreal, canada) contre le brunissement dans le moût de raisin.  Un moût de raisin, obtenu à partir de raisins sains, a été radicalement traité au pvpp afin d’éliminer tous les composés phénoliques. Ce moût de raisin décoloré a été supplémenté avec différentes concentrations d’acide caftarique et saturé en oxygène. L’activité tyrosinase a été suivie suite à l’augmentation de l’absorbance à 420 nm. Ce modèle a montré un comportement michaelien permettant de déterminer les paramètres cinétiques de l’enzyme (vmax et km).  Ce modèle enzymatique a ensuite été utilisé pour déterminer l’effet inhibiteur du glutathion pur et d’une souche sélectionnée metschnikowia pulcherrima en comparaison avec les antioxydants les plus utilisés en vinification : le dioxyde de soufre et l’acide ascorbique. Les résultats ont montré que le glutathion et la souche sélectionnée metschnikowia pulcherrima inhibent réellement l’activité oxydante de la tyrosinase, protégeant le moût de raisin du brunissement. Ces résultats confirment donc l’intérêt d’utiliser le glutathion et la souche sélectionnée metschnikowia pulcherrima pour réduire, voire supprimer l’utilisation de dioxyde de soufre en vinification. 

Remerciements  cette recherche a été financée par le ministère espagnol de la science et de l’innovation, commission interministérielle pour la science et la technologie (cicyt – projet pid2022-139868ob-c33). 

Bibliographie  [1] li, h., guo, a., & wang, h. (2008). Food chem., 108, 1-13. [2]  ky, i., lorrain, b., jourdes, m., pasquier, g., fermaud, m., gény, l., rey, p., doneche, b., & teissedre, p. L. (2012). Aust. J. Grape wine res., 18(2), 215–226. [3] friedman, m. (1996). J. Agric. Food chem., 44, 631–653. [4] oliveira, c. M., ferreira, a. C., de freitas, v., & silva, a. M. (2011). Oxidation mechanisms occurring in wines. Food res. Int., 44, 1115–1126. [5] giménez, p., anguela, s., just-borras, a., pons-mercadé, p., vignault, a., canals, j. M., teissedre, p. L., & zamora, f. (2022). Lwt – food sci. Technol., 154 (2022) 112871. [6] ough, cs., & crowell, e. A. (1987). Use of sulphur dioxide in winemaking. J. Food sci., 52, 386–389. [7] bustamante, m., giménez, p., just-borras, a., solé-clua, i., gombau, j., heras, j.m., sieczkowski, n., gil, m., pérez-navarro, j., gómez-alonso, s., canals, j.m., zamora, f. (2024). Foods, 13, 310. [8] bustamante, m., giménez, p., just-borras, a., solé-clua, i., gombau, j., heras, j.m., sieczkowski, n., gil, m., canals, j.m., zamora, f. (2024). Oeno one, 58, 1-10.

Uso de glutatión y una cepa seleccionada de metschnikowia pulcherrima como alternativas al dióxido de azufre para inhibir la tirosinasa natural del mosto de uva y prevenir el pardeamiento

El pardeamiento enzimático del mosto de uva sigue siendo un problema importante en la enología actual [1], siendo especialmente grave cuando las uvas han sido infectadas por la podredumbre gris [2]. El pardeamiento es un proceso de oxidación que hace que ciertos alimentos se vuelvan marrones, lo que a menudo lleva a que sean rechazados por los consumidores [3]. Este es un problema particular en el caso del vino, porque el mosto de uva es muy vulnerable al pardeamiento enzimático [4]. En las bodegas, la adición de dióxido de azufre al mosto de uva es la herramienta más común para protegerlo contra el pardeamiento enzimático, ya que este aditivo es un potente inhibidor de la tirosinasa y lacasa [5], y también tiene propiedades antimicrobianas [6]. Sin embargo, la industria vitivinícola está intentando actualmente reducir e incluso eliminar el uso de dióxido de azufre debido a sus efectos negativos sobre el medio ambiente y la salud humana. De ahí que en los últimos años se hayan propuesto algunas alternativas al dióxido de azufre para evitar el pardeamiento, siendo probablemente el uso de glutatión, puro o en forma de levaduras secas inactivadas ricas en glutatión [7], y la bioprotección con metschnikowia pulcherrima [8] las herramientas más prometedoras. Por todo ello, el objetivo de esta investigación fue desarrollar un modelo para estudiar el efecto inhibidor contra el pardeamiento del glutatión y de una cepa seleccionada de metschnikowia pulcherrima (level2 initia™ lallemand inc, montreal, canada) en mosto de uva.  Un mosto de uva, obtenido de uvas sanas, fue tratado drásticamente con pvpp para eliminar todos los compuestos fenólicos. Este mosto de uva decolorado se suplementó con diferentes concentraciones de ácido caftárico y se saturó en oxígeno. La actividad tirosinasa se midió mediante el aumento de la absorbancia a 420 nm. Este modelo mostró un comportamiento michaeliano que permitió determinar los parámetros cinéticos de la enzima (vmax y km).  Este modelo enzimático se utilizó posteriormente para determinar el efecto inhibidor del glutatión puro y de una cepa seleccionada de metschnikowia pulcherrima en comparación con los antioxidantes más utilizados en la elaboración del vino: dióxido de azufre y ácido ascórbico. Los resultados mostraron que tanto el glutatión como la cepa seleccionada de  metschnikowia pulcherrima realmente inhiben la actividad oxidativa de la tirosinasa protegiendo el mosto de uva del pardeamiento. Estos resultados confirman por tanto el interés de utilizar glutatión y una cepa seleccionada de metschnikowia pulcherrima para reducir e incluso eliminar el uso de dióxido de azufre en la elaboración del vino. 

Agradecimientos  esta investigación ha sido financiada por la comisión interministerial de ciencia y tecnología del ministerio de ciencia e innovación de españa (cicyt – proyecto pid2022-139868ob-c33). 

Bibliografía  [1] li, h., guo, a., & wang, h. (2008). Food chem., 108, 1-13. [2]  ky, i., lorrain, b., jourdes, m., pasquier, g., fermaud, m., gény, l., rey, p., doneche, b., & teissedre, p. L. (2012). Aust. J. Grape wine res., 18(2), 215–226. [3] friedman, m. (1996). J. Agric. Food chem., 44, 631–653. [4] oliveira, c. M., ferreira, a. C., de freitas, v., & silva, a. M. (2011). Oxidation mechanisms occurring in wines. Food res. Int., 44, 1115–1126. [5] giménez, p., anguela, s., just-borras, a., pons-mercadé, p., vignault, a., canals, j. M., teissedre, p. L., & zamora, f. (2022). Lwt – food sci. Technol., 154 (2022) 112871. [6] ough, cs., & crowell, e. A. (1987). Use of sulphur dioxide in winemaking. J. Food sci., 52, 386–389. [7] bustamante, m., giménez, p., just-borras, a., solé-clua, i., gombau, j., heras, j.m., sieczkowski, n., gil, m., pérez-navarro, j., gómez-alonso, s., canals, j.m., zamora, f. (2024). Foods, 13, 310. [8] bustamante, m., giménez, p., just-borras, a., solé-clua, i., gombau, j., heras, j.m., sieczkowski, n., gil, m., canals, j.m., zamora, f. (2024). Oeno one, 58, 1-10.

Publication date: November 18, 2024

Issue: OIV 2024

Type: Article

Authors

Fernando Zamora Marin¹, Aitor Garcia-Roldan¹, Antoni Canalda¹, Marco Bustamante¹, Jordi Gombau¹, Jose Maria Heras², Nathalie Sieczkowski², Joan Miquel Canals¹

¹ Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, Tarragona, Spain
² Lallemand Bio, SL, Galileu, 303, Barcelona, Spain

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IVES Conference Series | OIV | OIV 2024

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