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IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 OIV 9 OIV 2024 9 Orals - Oenology, methods of analysis 9 Closure permeability modulates the aroma expression of monovarietal white wines during bottle ageing

Closure permeability modulates the aroma expression of monovarietal white wines during bottle ageing

Abstract

Bottle ageing is a critical period for wine quality, as it undergoes various chemical and sensory changes during storage. Ideally, a phase of qualitative ageing, during which wine sensory quality improves, is followed by a decline of quality. Understanding how different oenological variables influence these phases is a key challenge in modern winemaking. Recent studies highlighted the significant role of oxygen in modulating reactions involving volatile and non-volatile components, impacting aroma evolution during bottle aging. Oxygen exposure of wine during bottle ageing is mediated by closure. The parameter defining the amount of oxygen permeating a closure is the oxygen transmission rate (otr), defined as the steady state rate at which oxygen permeates through the closure. However, also the oxygen initial release (OIR) that is to say the oxygen released from closure material into the headspace at bottling and soon after, should be considered to depict more completely the oxygen supply of the closure. By a sensory point of view, two main phenomena could be observed: excessive oxygen exposure in the bottle is reported to cause a loss of fruity and varietal aromas and oxidative spoilage; on the contrary reduction characters are often found to appear after a period of bottle maturation with an excessive protection from oxygen ingress. However, predicting each wine’s response to varying oxygen level is challenging, due to numerous chemical-physical factors and reactions involved. Generally speaking, red wines are reported to require more oxygen during bottle ageing, while white wines are more susceptible to oxidation. Micro-agglomerated cork stoppers with different otrs allow oenologists to regulate oxygen ingress precisely. However, understanding how different wine varieties evolve in relation to their chemical composition and oxygen intake during bottle aging is crucial for rational use of this tool. In 2020, an extensive project was launched aimed at studying the evolution of four monovarietal white wines (falanghina, greco, fiano and chardonnay) in relation to closures with different otrs. Four agglomerated corks with otrs ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 mg o2/year were selected. Here, the results related to the first 3 years are presented and in particular we will focus on the sensory evolution of the experimental wines during ageing. Several sensory tests, including free sorting task, liking test, reduction/oxidation rating and odor profiles by rate all that apply (rata) method  were performed at 6 months (t1), than each year from bottling (t2, t3, t4). Moreover, free and total so2 and total acetaldehyde were monitored at each sampling point.  Despite the little differences in otr, the results revealed distinct sensory evolution of each wine based on different closures. Over a period of 3 years, no oxidative spoilage was detected, but higher otrs tended to enhance the fruity sensory dimension and liking, while lower otrs tended to accentuate reduction character, with significant differences among wine varieties. These findings demonstrate closures’ potential as powerful oenological tool for modulating wine aroma expression, tailored not only to the type of wine but also to the expected moment of consumption.

La permeabilità della chiusura modula l’espressione aromatica dei vini bianchi monovarietali durante l’invecchiamento in bottiglia

L’invecchiamento in bottiglia è un periodo critico per la qualità del vino, poiché questo subisce vari cambiamenti chimici e sensoriali durante la conservazione. Idealmente, una fase di invecchiamento qualitativo, durante la quale la qualità sensoriale del vino migliora, è seguita da un declino della qualità. Comprendere come le diverse variabili enologiche influenzino queste fasi è una sfida chiave nell’enologia moderna. Studi recenti hanno evidenziato il ruolo significativo dell’ossigeno nella modulazione delle reazioni che coinvolgono componenti volatili e non volatili, influenzando l’evoluzione aromatica durante l’invecchiamento in bottiglia. L’esposizione del vino all’ossigeno durante l’invecchiamento in bottiglia è mediata dalla chiusura. Il parametro che definisce la quantità di ossigeno che permea una chiusura è il tasso di trasmissione dell’ossigeno (oxygen transfer rate-OTR), definito come il tasso costante a cui l’ossigeno permea attraverso la chiusura. Tuttavia, anche il rilascio iniziale di ossigeno (oxygen initial release-oir), cioè l’ossigeno rilasciato dal materiale della chiusura nello spazio di testa all’imbottigliamento e poco dopo, dovrebbe essere considerato al fine tenere conto più completamente dell’apporto di ossigeno della chiusura. Dal punto di vista sensoriale, si possono osservare due fenomeni principali: un’eccessiva esposizione all’ossigeno nella bottiglia è riportata come causa di perdita di aromi fruttati e varietali e di deterioramento ossidativo; al contrario, i caratteri riduttivi sono spesso riscontrati dopo un periodo di maturazione in bottiglia con una protezione eccessiva dall’ingresso di ossigeno. Tuttavia, prevedere la risposta di ciascun vino a livelli variabili di otr è una sfida, a causa dei numerosi fattori chimico-fisici e delle reazioni coinvolte. In generale, si ritiene che i vini rossi richiedano più ossigeno durante l’invecchiamento in bottiglia, mentre i vini bianchi siano più suscettibili all’ossidazione. I tappi di sughero microagglomerato con diversi otr consentono agli enologi di regolare con precisione l’ingresso di ossigeno. Tuttavia, comprendere come vini di diverse varietà si evolvono in relazione alla loro composizione chimica e all’apporto di ossigeno durante l’invecchiamento in bottiglia è cruciale per un uso razionale di questo strumento. Nel 2020 è stato avviato un ampio progetto volto a studiare l’evoluzione di quattro vini bianchi monovarietali (falanghina, greco, fiano e chardonnay) in relazione a chiusure con diversi otr. Sono stati selezionati quattro tappi di sughero agglomerato con otr che varia da 0,3 a 0,6 mg o2/anno. Qui vengono presentati i risultati relativi ai primi 3 anni e in particolare ci concentreremo sull’evoluzione sensoriale dei vini sperimentali durante l’invecchiamento. Sono stati eseguiti diversi test sensoriali, tra cui free sorting task, test di gradimento, valutazione della riduzione/ossidazione e analisi quantitative- descrittiva mediante il metodo rate all that apply (rata) dopo 6 mesi (t1), poi a ogni anno dall’imbottigliamento (t2, t3, t4). Inoltre, sono stati monitorati i livelli di so2 libera e totale e di acetaldeide totale in ogni punto di campionamento. Nonostante le piccole differenze nell’otr, i risultati hanno rivelato una distinta evoluzione sensoriale di ciascun vino in base alle diverse chiusure. Nel corso di un periodo di 3 anni, non è stato rilevato alcun deterioramento ossidativo, ma otr più elevati tendevano a migliorare la dimensione sensoriale fruttata e il gradimento, mentre otr più bassi tendevano ad accentuare il carattere riduttivo, con differenze significative tra le varietà di vino. Questi risultati dimostrano il potenziale delle chiusure come potente strumento enologico per modulare l’espressione aromatica del vino, adattato non solo al tipo di vino ma anche al momento previsto di consumo.

La perméabilité de l’obturateur module l’expression aromatique des vins blancs monocépages pendant le vieillissement en bouteille

Le vieillissement en bouteille est une période critique pour la qualité du vin, car il subit divers changements chimiques et sensoriels pendant le stockage. Idéalement, une phase de vieillissement qualitatif, pendant laquelle la qualité sensorielle du vin s’améliore, est suivie d’un déclin de qualité. Comprendre comment différentes variables œnologiques influencent ces phases est un défi majeur dans l’œnologie moderne. Des études récentes ont souligné le rôle significatif de l’oxygène dans la modulation des réactions impliquant des composants volatils et non volatils, impactant l’évolution des arômes pendant le vieillissement en bouteille. L’exposition du vin à l’oxygène pendant le vieillissement en bouteille est médiatisée par l’obturateur. Le paramètre définissant la quantité d’oxygène traversant un obturateur est le taux de transmission d’oxygène (OTR), défini comme le taux constant auquel l’oxygène traverse la fermeture. Cependant, également la libération initiale d’oxygène (oir), c’est-à-dire l’oxygène libéré par le matériau de l’obturateur dans l’espace libre lors de l’embouteillage et peu après, devrait être pris en compte pour dépeindre plus complètement l’apport en oxygène de l’obturateur. Du point de vue sensoriel, deux phénomènes principaux peuvent être observés : une exposition excessive à l’oxygène dans la bouteille est rapportée comme causant une perte d’arômes fruités et variétaux et un altération oxydative ; en revanche, des caractères de réduction sont souvent trouvés à apparaître après une période de maturation en bouteille avec une protection excessive contre l’entrée d’oxygène. Cependant, prédire la réponse de chaque vin à des niveaux d’oxygène variables est difficile, en raison des nombreux facteurs chimico-physiques et des réactions impliqués. En général, il est rapporté que les vins rouges nécessitent plus d’oxygène pendant le vieillissement en bouteille, tandis que les vins blancs sont plus sujets à l’oxydation. Les bouchons de liège micro-agglomérés avec différents otr permettent aux œnologues de réguler précisément l’entrée d’oxygène. Cependant, comprendre comment différentes variétés de vin évoluent en relation avec leur composition chimique et leur apport en oxygène pendant le vieillissement en bouteille est crucial pour un usage rationnel de cet outil. En 2020, un vaste projet a été lancé visant à étudier l’évolution de quatre vins blancs monocépages (falanghina, greco, fiano et chardonnay) en relation avec des obturateurs présentant différents otr. Quatre bouchons de liège microaggloméré avec des otr allant de 0,3 à 0,6 mg o2/an ont été sélectionnés. Ici, les résultats liés aux trois premières années sont présentés et en particulier nous nous concentrerons sur l’évolution sensorielle des vins expérimentaux pendant le vieillissement. Plusieurs tests sensoriels, y compris des tâches de tri libre, des tests de préférence, une notation de réduction/oxydation et des profils d’odeurs par la méthode rate all that apply (rata) ont été effectués à 6 mois (t1), puis chaque année après l’embouteillage (t2, t3, t4). De plus, le so2 libre et total et l’acétaldéhyde total ont été surveillés à chaque point d’échantillonnage. Malgré les petites différences dans l’otr, les résultats ont révélé une évolution sensorielle distincte de chaque vin en fonction des différentes obturateurs. Sur une période de 3 ans, aucun altération oxydative n’a été détectée, mais des otr plus élevés avaient tendance à améliorer la dimension sensorielle fruitée et la préférence, tandis que des otr plus bas avaient tendance à accentuer le caractère de réduction, avec des différences significatives entre les variétés de vin. Ces résultats démontrent le potentiel des fermetures en tant qu’outil œnologique puissant pour moduler l’expression aromatique du vin, adapté non seulement au type de vin mais aussi au moment de consommation prévu.

Publication date: November 18, 2024

Issue: OIV 2024

Type: Article

Authors

Maria Tiziana Lisanti¹, Angelita Gambuti¹, Luigi Picariello¹, Luigi Moio¹

¹ Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II – Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Scienze della Vigna e del Vino, Viale Italia 60, Avellino, Italy

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Tags

IVES Conference Series | OIV | OIV 2024

Citation

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