 IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 Macrowine 9 Macrowine 2021 9 Grapevine diversity and viticultural practices for sustainable grape growing 9 Sensory and chemical phenotyping of wines from a F1 grapevine population

Sensory and chemical phenotyping of wines from a F1 grapevine population

Abstract

The European Green Deal, a concept of the European Commission, aims at the reduction of pesticides in EU agriculture for 2030 by 50%. Viticulture uses the largest amounts of fungicides in the EU, compared to other crops such as grains. In order to achieve the ambitious target of 50% pesticide reduction in viticulture, the increased cultivation of new pathogen-resistant grape varieties is indispensable. New pathogen-resistant grape varieties, which have been selected for their high quality potential, allow up to 80% less fungicide use. These varieties are therefore an important building block in the transformation process to more sustainable viticulture. The project Predictive Breeding for Wine Quality »SelWineQ« (Select Wine Quality) focuses on the development of robust predictive models for the genetic quality potential (GQP) of grapevine varieties during the breeding process based on sensory, metabolomic, and genomic data. Predictive models for wine quality traits will considerably increase the efficiency of grapevine breeding. The centerpiece of the “SelWineQ” project is an F1 breeding population of Calardis Musqué and Villiard blanc consisting of 150 genotypes (8 vines each). Over three vintages experimental wines of each genotype were made. Every year a professional trained panel evaluated the wines of all genotypes. This sensory evaluation forms a broad data basis for modeling sensory quality traits from genetic and metabolic data. One of the most important results from the sensory evaluation is the “Total Quality Score”, a sum parameter for the olfactory and gustatory total quality of the wines. This quality parameter was found to be constant for the best and worst wines of the breeding population over several years. Thus, the best and worst wines could be reproducibly identified. This result shows, besides an excellent panel performance, that the quality potential is mainly determined by the genetic properties of the plants and that environmental influences (different vintages) are less important. The combination of analytical data and data from the sensory evaluation facilitated the identification of linalool and cis-rose oxide (among other terpenoids) as molecular quality markers. These aroma-active compounds were present in the best evaluated wines far above their olfactory threshold and showed a high correlation (r > 0.7 Pearson) with the attribute “floral”. Moreover, metabolomic data from non-targeted LC-HRMS and GC-MS analysis allowed predictions of the best and worst genotypes from one to the other vintage (model building on one vintage, validation on another vintage). These findings form a solid base for the development, improvement and validation of predictive models based on genetic data. A novel genotyping by sequencing approach lead to a full informative genetic map of the breeding population based on SNP markers.

DOI:

Publication date: September 2, 2021

Issue: Macrowine 2021

Type: Article

Authors

Jochen Vestner

Institute for Viticulture and Oenology, DLR Rheinpfalz, Breitenweg 71, Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Germany. ,Ulrich Fischer, Institute for Viticulture and Oenology, DLR Rheinpfalz, Breitenweg 71, Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Germany.

Contact the author

Keywords

pathogen-resistant, grape varieties ,molecular markers, genetics, sensory, aroma, breeding

Citation

Phenolic composition of Tempranillo Blanco grapes changes after foliar application of urea

Our research aimed to determine the effect and efficiency of foliar application of urea on the phenolic composition of Tempranillo Blanco grapes. The field experiment was carried out in 2019 and 2020 seasons and the plot was located in D.O.Ca Rioja (North of Spain). The vineyard was Vitis vinifera L. Tempranillo Blanco and grafted on Richter-110 rootstock. The treatments were control (C), whose plants were sprayed with water and three doses of urea: plants were sprayed with urea 3 kg N/ha (U3), 6 kg N/ha (U6) and 9 kg N/ha (U9). The applications were performed in two phenological stages, pre-veraison (Pre) and veraison (Ver). Also, each of the treatments was repeated one week later. Control and treatments were performed in triplicate and arranged in a randomised block design. Grapes were harvested at optimum ripening stage. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to analyse the phenolic composition of the grapes. Finally, the results obtained from the analytical determinations – flavonols, flavanols and non-flavonoid (hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids and stilbenes) – were studied statistically by analysis of variance. The results showed that, in 2019, U6-Pre and U9-Pre treatments increased the hydroxybenzoic acid content in grapes, and also all foliar treatments applied at Pre enhanced the stilbene concentration. Moreover, U3-Ver was the only treatment that rose flavonol and stilbene contents in the Tempranillo Blanco grapes. In 2020, all treatments applied at Pre enhanced the flavonol concentration in grapes. Furthermore, U3-Pre and U9-Pre treatments increased stilbene content in grapes. Nevertheless, the hydroxybenzoic acid content was improved by U6-Ver and U9-Ver and besides, hydroxycinnamic acid concentration in grapes was increased by all treatments applied at Ver. In conclusion, the lower and highest dose of urea (U3 and U9), applied at pre-veraison, were the best treatments to improve the Tempranillo Blanco grape phenolic composition.

Copper contamination in vineyard soils of Bordeaux: spatial risk assessment for the replanting of vines and crops

Copper (Cu) is widely and historically used in viticulture as a fungicide against mildew. Cu has a strong affinity for soil organic matter and accumulates in topsoil horizons. Thus, Cu may negatively affect soil organisms and plants, consequently reducing soil fertility and productivity. The Bordeaux vineyards have the largest vineyard surfaces (26%) within French controlled appellation and a great proportion of French wine production (around 5 million hl per year). Considering the local context of vineyard surfaces decreasing (vine uprooting) and possible new crop plantation, the issue of Cu potential toxicity rises. Therefore, the aims of this work are firstly to evaluate the Cu contamination in vineyard soils of Bordeaux, secondly to produce a risk assessment map for new vine or crop plantation. We used soil analyses from several local studies to build a database with 4496 soil horizon samples. The database was enhanced by means of pedotransfer functions in order to estimate the bioaccessible (EDTA-extractable) Cu in soils of samples without measurements. From this database, 1797 georeferenced samples with CuEDTA concentrations in the topsoil (0-50 cm depth) were used for kriging interpolation in order to produce the spatial distribution map of CuEDTA in vineyard soils. Then, the spatial distribution of Cu was crossed with vine uprooting surfaces and municipality boundaries. CuEDTAconcentrations ranged from 0.52 to 459 mg/kg and showed clear anomalies. Our results from spatial analysis showed that almost 50% of vineyard soil surfaces have CuEDTA concentrations higher than 30 mg/kg (moderate risk for new plantation) and 20% with concentrations higher than 50 mg/kg (high risk for new plantation). A decision-support map based on municipalities was realised to provide a simple tool to stakeholders concerned by land use management.

Effect of one-year cover crop and arbuscular mycorrhiza inocululation in the microbial soil community of a vineyard

The microbial composition of the soil is an important factor to consider in viticulture, since its influence on the “terroir” and on the organoleptic properties of the wine have been demonstrated. Different agronomic techniques have the potential to modify the composition and functionality of the soil microbial community. Maintaining green covers is known to increase soil microbial diversity. The direct application of inoculum of beneficial microorganisms to the soil has also been used to increase their abundance. However, the environmental conditions of each site seem to have a determining weight in the result of these practices. In this study, we compared the effect on the microbial community of a cover crop with legumes in autumn and the inoculation of grapevines with commercial inoculum bases on Rhizophagus irregularis and Funeliformis mosseae in the previous spring. The study has been carried out in a vineyard in Binissalem, Mallorca, Spain. After applying the treatments, we will analyze the soil microbial communities using the data obtained from Illumina amplification of soil DNA from the 16S and ITS regions to analyze bacteria and fungi community, respectively. In addition, we will record the physicochemical characteristics of the soil at each sampling point. The result showed that agronomic management, in the short term, has less influence than soil characteristics on the composition of the soil microbiome. With these results, we can conclude that in a vineyard, agricultural techniques should focus on improving the characteristics of the soil to improve the biodiversity of the soil microbiota.

The use of rootstock as a lever in the face of climate change and dieback of vineyard

As viticulture faces challenges such as climate change or vineyard dieback, the choice of the variety and rootstock becomes more and more crucial. To study rootstock levers in the Bordeaux region, a parcel of Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) was planted with four rootstocks in 2014. Twenty repetitions of each of the following four rootstocks were set up: 101-14 MGt, Nemadex AB, 420A MGt and Gravesac. The number of bunches, yields and pruning weights of the vine shoots were measured individually on 240 vines from 2017 to 2021. Since 2020, nitrogen status assessed by assimilable nitrogen level, hydric status assessed by δ13C and berry maturity were measured on 80 samples taken from 20 repetitions of the four rootstocks. A lower yield was measured for CS grafted onto Nemadex AB due to the lower number of bunches and the lower weight of berries. The differences between the other three rootstocks are small, but CS grafted onto 420A MGt was the most productive. The CS grafted onto Nemadex AB had the lowest pruning weight while 101-14 MGt had the highest. In 2020, δ13C showed a more moderate water stress with 101-14 MGt and 420A MGt than with Nemadex AB. Surprisingly, the Gravesac was under more stress than the 101-14 MGt. The nitrogen status in the berries was better for Nemadex AB but this was perhaps due to the significantly lower weight of the berries.Rootstock 101-14 MGt attained the highest accumulation of sugars in the berries while 420A MGt allows to preserve higher acidity. The parcel is still young which may explain some of the results. These measures must therefore be continued over the next several years to fully assess the effects of these rootstocks on the development of the vines and the quality of the production under new climatic conditions.

A predictive model of spatial Eca variability in the vineyard to support the monitoring of plant status

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