Terroir 1996 banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 Analyse et modélisation des transferts thermiques dans un sol de vignoble. Effets des techniques culturales

Analyse et modélisation des transferts thermiques dans un sol de vignoble. Effets des techniques culturales

Abstract

Les facteurs naturels tels que le milieu dans lequel est cultivée la vigne jouent un rôle important sur la qualité du vin. Si on veut élaborer un bon vin, il est en effet essentiel de produire un raisin de qualité. Pour cela, il faut valoriser et optimiser l’effet terroir qui, pour l’instant, joue un rôle qui n’est pas très bien connu. Il est donc indispensable, par exemple, de disposer de relations scientifiquement établies et bien quantifiables pour faire admettre le système des aires d’origines contrôlées. R. Morlat (1989) et G. Seguin (1970) ont déjà réalisé des études sur le rôle de certains facteurs du sol sur la qualité du raisin. Ils ont notamment montré l’importance de la température du sol et du contenu en eau. Les relations entre la qualité et le terroir doivent cependant encore être clarifiées et surtout quantifiées afin d’être intégrées dans un système d’aide à la décision permettant d’optimiser les systèmes de conduite en fonction des facteurs naturels du site étudié.

Nous avons choisi, dans un premier temps, de nous intéresser principalement aux températures du sol. Ce facteur est en effet très important car il conditioime la croissance de la plante et certaines propriétés physiques du sol. La plupart de ces processus ne réagissent pas linéairement avec la température, il est donc indispensable de disposer de nombreuses données pour pouvoir évaluer les effets journaliers des températures du sol sur ces mécanismes. La mesure de la température du sol pose de gros problèmes car elle nécessite un dispositif qui est très lourd au niveau de l’installation, surtout dans les sols de vignoble, généralement hétérogènes. De plus, la mise en place des capteurs perturbe le milieu introduisant ainsi un biais dans les grandeurs qui seront mesurées.

C’est pour ces raisons que nous avons choisi de développer un modèle de transfert thermique applicable aux sols de vignobles. L’utilisation de lois physiques décrivant les échanges et des méthodes d’analyse et de modélisation micrométéorologiques paraissent aptes à apporter des réponses au problème posé par la recherche des facteurs jouant un rôle dans la qualité du raisin. Il en est de même pour l’explication des effets de différentes méthodes culturales (désherbage, travail du sol, enherbement).

Il est bien évident qu’il existe d’autres facteurs influant sur la qualité du raisin qui peuvent aussi caractériser l’effet “terroir”. Par exemple, la nutrition azotée et minérale de la plante joue aussi un rôle important, il est donc nécessaire d’étudier la disponibilité de ces éléments dans le sol, ainsi que leurs modes de transfert. De même, le climat de la région concemée est capital, il influe sur la plupart des grandeurs qui sont étudiées. Ces facteurs sont donc, dans un premier temps, étudiés séparément, l’objectif étant à terme la construction d’un modèle complet de l’élaboration de la qualité du raisin, où sont inclus tous les paramètres du climat, du terroir et du système de conduite.

Les transferts thermiques et hydriques sont étroitement liés, ils interagissent, on peut donc difficilement envisager des émdes séparées de ces deux phénomènes. On peut cependant considérer, du moins dans un premier temps, l’état hydrique comme une variable d’entrée.

Le but de l’étude entreprise est donc de comprendre et de quantifier les effets de différents types ouétats de sols et de différents mode de culture sur l’évolution de la température en profondeur. Pour cela, une bonne connaissance physique des transferts thermiques est nécessaire pour arriver à relier les caractéristiques thermodynamiques du sol à la propagation et au stockage de la chaleur.

DOI:

Publication date: March 25, 2022

Type: Poster

Issue: Terroir 1996

Authors

E. PRADEL, P. PIERI

Laboratoires de Bioclimatologie et d’Agronomie – Domaine de la Grande Ferrade – 33883 Villenave D’Ornon

Tags

IVES Conference Series | Terroir 1996

Citation

Related articles…

Impact of yeast derivatives to increase the phenolic maturity and aroma intensity of wine

Using viticultural and enological techniques to increase aromatics in white wine is a prized yet challenging technique for commercial wine producers. Equally difficult are challenges encountered in hastening phenolic maturity and thereby increasing color intensity in red wines. The ability to alter organoleptic and visual properties of wines plays a decisive role in vintages in which grapes are not able to reach full maturity, which is seen increasingly more often as a result of climate change. A new, yeast-based product on the viticultural market may give the opportunity to increase sensory properties of finished wines. Manufacturer packaging claims these yeast derivatives intensify wine aromas of white grape varieties, as well as improve phenolic ripeness of red varieties, but the effects of this application have been little researched until now. The current study applied the yeast derivative, according to the manufacture’s instructions, to the leaves of both neutral and aromatic white wine varieties, as well as on structured red wine varieties. Chemical parameters and volatile aromatics were analyzed in grape musts and finished wines, and all wines were subjected to sensory analysis by a tasting panel. Collective results of all analyses showed that the application of the yeast derivative in the vineyard showed no effect across all varieties examined, and did not intensify white wine aromatics, nor improve phenolic ripeness and color intensity in red wine.

Mesoclimate impact on Tannat in the Atlantic terroir of Uruguay

The study of climate is relevant as an element conditioning the typicity of a product, its quality and sustainability over the years. The grapevine development and growth and the final grape and wine composition are closely related to temperature, while climate components vary at mesoscale according to topography and/or proximity to large bodies of water. The objective of this work is to assess the mesoclimate of the Atlantic region of Uruguay and to determine the effect of topography and the ocean on temperature and consequently on Tannat grapevine behavior.

Mapping and tracking canopy size with VitiCanopy

Understanding vineyard variability to target management strategies, apply inputs efficiently and deliver consistent grape quality to the winery is essential. However, despite inherent vineyard variability, the majority are managed as if they are uniform. VitiCanopy is a simple, grower-friendly tool for precision/digital viticulture that allows users to collect and interpret objective spatial information about vineyard performance. After four years of field and market research, an upgraded VitiCanopy has been created to achieve a more streamlined, technology-assisted vine monitoring tool that provides users with a set of superior new features, which could significantly improve the way users monitor their grapevines. These new features include:
• New user interface
• User authentication
• Batch analysis of multiple images
• Ease the learning curve through enhanced help features
• Reporting via the creation of colour maps that will allow users to assess the spatial differences in canopies within a vineyard.
Use-case examples are presented to demonstrate the quantification and mapping of vineyard variability through objective canopy measurements, ground-truthing of remotely sensed measurements, monitoring of crop conditions, implementation of disease and water management decisions as well as creating a history of each site to forecast quality. This intelligent tool allows users to manage grapevines and make informed management choices to achieve the desired production targets and remain profitable.

‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (Vitis vinifera L.) berry skin flavonol and anthocyanin composition is affected by trellis systems and applied water amounts

Trellis systems are selected in wine grape vineyards to mainly maximize vineyard yield and maintain berry quality. This study was conducted in 2020 and 2021 to evaluate six commonly utilized trellis systems including a vertical shoot positioning (VSP), two relaxed VSPs (VSP60 and VSP80), a single high wire (SH), a high quadrilateral (HQ), and a guyot (GY), combined with three levels of irrigation regimes based on different crop evapotranspiration (ETc) replacements, including a 25% ETc, 50% ETc, and 100% ETc. The results indicated SH yielded the most fruits and accumulated the most total soluble solids (TSS) at harvest in 2020, however, it showed the lowest TSS in the second season. In 2020, SH and HQ showed higher concentrations in most of the anthocyanin derivatives compared to the VSPs. Similar comparisons were noticed in 2021 as well. SH and HQ also accumulated more flavonols in both years compared to other trellis systems. Overall, this study provides information on the efficacy of trellis systems on grapevine yield and berry flavonoid accumulation in a currently warming climate.

The modification of cultural practices in grapevine cv. Syrah, does it modify the characteristics of the musts?

The work shows the results of a year of experimentation (2020) in a Syrah variety vineyard in La Roda (Castilla-La Mancha, Spain). The trial approach was on a randomized block design with two factors: Irrigation (I) and Pruning (P).
Irrigation schedules were adjusted to apply amounts close to 1,500 m3/ha. With this provision, 2 different irrigation treatments were proposed: I1) Start of irrigation from pea-sized grape to post-harvest (providing at least 20 % of the total amount of irrigation water to be provided post-harvest); I2) Start of irrigation from pea-sized grape to harvest (usual irrigation practice in the study area). Pruning was proposed with two treatments, one at the end of January (P1), which is pruning on a conventional date; and P2) pruning carried out at the beginning of budding. In total, 4 repetitions were designed with 4 elementary plots, each one of them representing one of the proposed treatments (I1P1; I1P2; I2P1; I2P2). In total, 16 plots were worked on and each elementary plot consisted of 30 strains, distributed in 3 lines.
The productive response was evaluated with the yield results of the harvest harvested at 23 ºBrix. The qualitative response was measured in the musts through the indices of technological (acidity, pH and potassium) and phenolic maturity and aromatic compounds in free and glycosylated fractions. The treatments tested had, in general, an effect on the different variables analyzed.