IVAS 2022 banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 IVAS 9 IVAS 2022 9 A methyl salicylate glycoside mapping of monovarietal Italian white wines.

A methyl salicylate glycoside mapping of monovarietal Italian white wines.

Abstract

Among the main plant secondary metabolites, glycosides have a key-role in wine chemistry. Glycosides are non-volatile complex composed of a non-sugar component (aglycone) bound to one or more carbohydrates. The hydrolysis of glycosides occurs mainly during the fermentation due to the enzymatic activity, and during the storage as a consequence of pH and temperature conditions. In the last scenario, the gradual release of aglycones contributes to the aroma evolution of wine. Methyl salicylate (MeSa) is a plant metabolite known to be a chemical marker of several cryptogamic diseases1; however, it can be also found in wines produced from healthy grapes, whose presence provides a pleasant wintergreen and balsamic nuance, especially in aged wines2,3. This volatile odor-active ester can be found, mainly bound to glycosides, into the skin and the stem of the grapes. MeSa in the free form is frequently present under the sensory threshold while in some red and white varieties it can exceed the olfactory threshold. In our previous works MeSa have been found in relevant content, both in bound and free form, in some genetically related Italian varieties such as Trebbiano di Lugana, Trebbiano di Soave (both employed in the production of Lugana wines), and Verdicchio. In this research a straightforward filter-and-shot LC-MS/MS method was used for the determination of 7 different MeSa glycosides in 246 samples representative of 18 different monovarietal Italian white wines. Thanks to the minimized sample preparation procedure (wines were only filtered at 0.45 µm) this method allowed a reliable quantification of the analytes without wasting time, energy, and solvents, in total agreement with the Green Analytical Chemistry principles. Analysis were performed using an AB Sciex QTrap 6500+ both in positive and negative mode, equipped with a Waters Acquity C18 HSS-T3 150 mm x 2.1 mm x 1.8 µm column working at 0.28 mL*min-1. Glycosides of interest were MeSa 2-O-β-D-glucoside, MeSa 2-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl(1à6)-β-D glucopyranoside, MeSa 2-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl(1à6)-β-D-glucopyranoside, MeSa 2-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl(1à6)-β-D-glucopyranoside, MeSa 2-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1à6)-β-D-glucopyranoside, MeSa 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1à6)-β-D-glucopyranoside, and MeSa 2-O-β-D-xylnopyranosyl(1à2)[O-β-D-xylopyranosyl(1à6)]-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. MeSa glycosides were found in Verdicchio and Lugana wines, in accordance with literature2,3, whereas where found for the first time in Garganega and Erbaluce varieties. The knowledge of the concentration of MeSa glycosides could be considered a potential predictor of the potential balsamic evolution of white wines. Further details are currently under investigation. Acknowledgments: MIUR project PRIN n. 2017RXFFRR.

References

1 Poitou, Xavier, Pascaline Redon, Alexandre Pons, Emilie Bruez, Laurent Delière, Axel Marchal, Céline Cholet, Laurence Geny-Denis, and Philippe Darriet. 2021. “Methyl Salicylate, a Grape and Wine Chemical Marker and Sensory Contributor in Wines Elaborated from Grapes Affected or Not by Cryptogamic Diseases.” Food Chemistry 360 (October): 130120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130120.
2 Carlin, Silvia, Domenico Masuero, Graziano Guella, Urska Vrhovsek, and Fulvio Mattivi. 2019. “Methyl Salicylate Glycosides in Some Italian Varietal Wines.” Molecules 24 (18): 3260. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183260.
3 Slaghenaufi, Davide, Giovanni Luzzini, Jessica Samaniego Solis, Filippo Forte, and Maurizio Ugliano. 2021. “Two Sides to One Story—Aroma Chemical and Sensory Signature of Lugana and Verdicchio Wines.” Molecules 26 (8): 2127. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082127.

DOI:

Publication date: June 23, 2022

Issue: IVAS 2022

Type: Article

Authors

Piergiovanni Maurizio1, Carlin Silvia2, Masuero Domenico2, Rolle Luca3, Rio Segade Susana3, Slaghenaufi Davide4, Ugliano Maurizio4, Marangon Matteo5, Curioni Andrea5, Parpinello Giuseppina Paola6, Versari Andrea6, Piombino Paola7, Pittari Elisabetta7, Mattivi Fulvio1 and Vrhovsek Urska2

1Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento
2Metabolomics Unit, Research and Innovation Center, Edmund Mach Foundation, Italy
3Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Italy
4Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Italy
5Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Italy
6Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
7Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Italy

Contact the author

Keywords

Methyl salicylate, glycosides, aglycones, monovarietal, white-wines 

Tags

IVAS 2022 | IVES Conference Series

Citation

Related articles…

Vineyards and clay minerals: multi-technique analytical approach and correlations with soil properties

Purpose of this research is to quantitatively assess the mineral component of vineyard soils, with particular attention to the mineralogical analysis of clays, which represent an element of high importance in the vineyard culture as well as in general agriculture. An X-ray diffraction (XRD) / thermogravimetric (TG) multi-technique analytical approach was developed, tested on soil samples taken from vineyards around the world. This codified analytical procedure was necessary to obtain precise qualitative and quantitative mineralogical data, globally comparable to distinguish the geopedological identity of the vineyards. Soil samples from vineyards of various locations were analysed, in very different geological conditions. The bulk-rock quantitative phase analysis (QPA) was obtained by the Rietveld method while the detailed composition of the clay-sized fraction was determined by modelling of the oriented X-ray diffraction patterns. The research provided a precise classification of the mineral component of soils, distinguishing the mineral phases of the clays and the so-called mixed-layer clay minerals. We found that the content in mixed layers can be directly correlated with the water retention and the cation exchange capacity ​​of the soil, while the presence of other clayey minerals and phyllosilicates in this research did not affect this CEC parameter, which codes the fertility level of the soils. The study demonstrates that terroir, in particular soils formed in complex or very different geological conditions, can only be effectively interpreted by properly analysing its mineral phases, in particular the mixed-layer clay component. These are characteristic abiotic ecological indicators, which may have specific eco-physiological influences on the plant.

Read More

Assessment of climate change impacts on water needs and growing cycle on grapevine in three DOs of NE Spain

This study assessed the suitability of grapevine growing in three DOs (Empordà, Pla de Bages and Penedès) of Catalonia (NE Spain) over the 21st century. For this purpose, an estimation of water needs and agroclimatic and phenological indicators was made. Climate change impacts were estimated at 1 km pixel resolution using temperature and precipitation projections from several general circulation models (GCM) and two climate change scenarios: RCP 4.5 (stabilization scenario) and RCP 8.5 (worst-case scenario). Potential crop evapotranspiration (following FAO procedure) and a daily water balance considering soil water holding capacity were used to estimate actual evapotranspiration of vines and, finally, water needs. Dynamics would be similar in the three DOs studied although the magnitude of impact differs. Water needs would be 2 and 3 times greater (ranging from 0 to more than 1500 m3/ha) than current water needs at both climate change scenarios. Moreover, blooming date would advance from 3 to 6 weeks, harvest date from 1 to 2.5 months, resulting in growing cycles from 10 to 80 days shorter. It should also be noted that frost risk would decrease from 6 to 76%, the number of days with temperatures above 30ºC during ripening would rise from 48 to 500% and tropical nights (minimum temperature >20ºC) at ripening would increase from 28 to 150%, depending on the scenario and the DOs. The impacts of climate change in the three DOs could result in significant limitations for grapevine cultivation and wine production if adaptive strategies are not applied. This result could serve as a basis for the design of specific and particular adaptation strategies to improve and maintain vineyards in the DOs studied and could be extrapolated to similar DOs and regions.

Read More

Grapevine xylem embolism resistance spectrum reveals which varieties have a lower mortality risk in a future dry climate

Wine growing regions have recently faced intense and frequent droughts that have led to substantial economical losses, and the maintenance of grapevine productivity under warmer and drier climate will rely notably on planting drought-resistant cultivars. Given that plant growth and yield depend on water transport efficiency and maintenance of photosynthesis, thus on the preservation of the vascular system integrity during drought, a better understanding of drought-related hydraulic traits that have a significant impact on physiological processes is urgently needed. We have worked towards this end by assessing vulnerability to xylem embolism in 30 grapevine commercial varieties encompassing red and white Vitis vinifera varieties, hybrid varieties characterized by a polygenic resistance for powdery and downy mildew, and commonly used rootstocks. These analyses further allowed a global assessment of wine regions with respect to their varietal diversity and resulting vulnerability to stem embolism. Hybrid cultivars displayed the highest vulnerability to embolism, while rootstocks showed the greatest resistance. Significant variability also arose among Vitis vinifera varieties, with Ψ12 and Ψ50 values ranging from -0.4 to -2.7 MPa and from -1.8 to -3.4 MPa, respectively. Cabernet franc, Chardonnay and Ugni blanc featured among the most vulnerable varieties while Pinot noir, Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon ranked among the most resistant. In consequence, wine regions bearing a significant proportion of vulnerable varieties, such as Poitou-Charentes, France and Marlborough, New Zealand, turned out to be at greater risk under drought. These results highlight that grapevine varieties may not respond equally to warmer and drier conditions, outlining the importance to consider hydraulic traits associated with plant drought tolerance into breeding programmes and modeling simulations of grapevine yield maintenance under severe drought. They finally represent a step forward to advise the wine industry about which varieties and regions would have the lowest risk of drought-induced mortality under climate change.

Read More

Teasing apart terroir: the influence of management style on native yeast communities within Oregon wineries and vineyards

Newer sequencing technologies have allowed for the addition of microbes to the story of terroir. The same environmental factors that influence the phenotypic expression of a crop also shape the composition of the microbial communities found on that crop. For fermented goods, such as wine, that microbial community ultimately influences the organoleptic properties of the final product that is delivered to customers. Recent studies have begun to study the biogeography of wine-associated microbes within different growing regions, finding that communities are distinct across landscapes. Despite this new knowledge, there are still many questions about what factors drive these differences. Our goal was to quantify differences in yeast communities due to management style between seven pairs of conventional and biodynamic vineyards (14 in total) throughout Oregon, USA. We wanted to answer the following questions: 1) are yeast communities distinct between biodynamic vineyards and conventional vineyards? 2) are these differences consistent across a large geographic region? 3) can differences in yeast communities be tied to differences in metabolite profiles of the bottled wine? To collect our data we took soil, bark, leaf, and grape samples from within each vineyard from five different vines of pinot noir. We also collected must and a 10º brix sample from each winery. Using these samples, we performed 18S amplicon sequencing to identify the yeast present. We then used metabolomics to characterize the organoleptic compounds present in the bottled wine from the blocks the year that we sampled. We are actively in the process of analysing our data from this study.

Read More

Mapping and tracking canopy size with VitiCanopy

Understanding vineyard variability to target management strategies, apply inputs efficiently and deliver consistent grape quality to the winery is essential. However, despite inherent vineyard variability, the majority are managed as if they are uniform. VitiCanopy is a simple, grower-friendly tool for precision/digital viticulture that allows users to collect and interpret objective spatial information about vineyard performance. After four years of field and market research, an upgraded VitiCanopy has been created to achieve a more streamlined, technology-assisted vine monitoring tool that provides users with a set of superior new features, which could significantly improve the way users monitor their grapevines. These new features include:
• New user interface
• User authentication
• Batch analysis of multiple images
• Ease the learning curve through enhanced help features
• Reporting via the creation of colour maps that will allow users to assess the spatial differences in canopies within a vineyard.
Use-case examples are presented to demonstrate the quantification and mapping of vineyard variability through objective canopy measurements, ground-truthing of remotely sensed measurements, monitoring of crop conditions, implementation of disease and water management decisions as well as creating a history of each site to forecast quality. This intelligent tool allows users to manage grapevines and make informed management choices to achieve the desired production targets and remain profitable.

Read More