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IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 OIV 9 OIV 2024 9 Orals - Oenology, methods of analysis 9 Genetic traceability of the varietal origin of wines: a robust application for must and wines during alcoholic fermentation

Genetic traceability of the varietal origin of wines: a robust application for must and wines during alcoholic fermentation

Abstract

Industry and regulatory agencies have developed regulations to ensure authenticity and compliance with wine composition limits. However, this can be truncated by the absence of simple and robust analytical methodologies, uninfluenced by the environment, different oenological techniques and cultural practices. Genetic fingerprinting is the most powerful tool for unequivocal varietal identification; it is not affected by the environment or agronomic practices; however, its usefulness in musts and wines has been controversial and there is currently no routine certification of varietal origin based on DNA analysis. We have redesigned the panel of 9 SSR markers recommended as a minimum standard for varietal identification so that they are less sensitive to pcr inhibitors and are also simpler and more economical to apply. On the other hand, we analyze the evolution of the traceability of the vine’s DNA during the alcoholic fermentation process. This degrades quickly in the first days of fermentation but it is possible to recover usable traces of DNA up to 30 days after the start of fermentation. In our hands, extractability of DNA in finished wines and commercial bottles is difficult and also generates poorly reproducible pcr products, with problems caused by the presence of inhibitors and low amounts of DNA, generating allele drop-out  and drop-in related problems. The application of the methodology, associated with inspection operations during the harvest and winemaking period, makes it possible to apply genetic identification based on the redesigned panel of 9 SSRs and an additional SSR marker. The established methodology allows the identification of genetic profiles in single-varietal red and white wines. It is not affected by the grape variety, the location or the oenological process, but is affected by the time elapsed since the start of fermentation. The service for agriculture and livestock and the agronomic research institute of Chile have worked together with real industry samples taken during the inspection process, with which the methodology is applicable and reproducible during the first 10 days of alcoholic fermentation. Its validation with blind samples and the development of a sampling protocol, together with a new database, allow us to generate an analytical control tool that will allow us to transfer transparency from the industry to the consumer and for the producer an element of valorization and differentiation of authentic products. The work was funded by the agrarian innovation foundation pyt-2020-0036, ministry of agriculture, government of Chile.

Trazabilidad genética del origen varietal de los vinos: una aplicación robusta para mostos y vinos durante la fermentación alcohólica 

La industria y las agencias fiscalizadoras han desarrollado una reglamentación orientada a garantizar la autenticidad y el cumplimiento de los límites de composición en el vino, sin embargo, esta voluntad puede verse truncada por la ausencia de metodologías analíticas sencillas y robustas que no sean influenciadas por el ambiente, las diferentes técnicas enológicas y las prácticas culturales. La huella genética es la herramienta más poderosa para la identificación varietal inequívoca, no está afecta al ambiente ni las prácticas agronómicas, sin embargo, su utilidad en los mostos y vinos ha sido controversial y por ahora no existen rutinas de certificación del origen varietal basados en el análisis del ADN.  Rediseñamos el panel de 9 marcadores SSRs recomendados como el estándar mínimo para la identificación varietal para que sean menos sensibles a inhibidores de pcr y que además sean de aplicación más sencilla y económica. Por otro lado analizamos la evolución de la trazabilidad del ADN de vid durante el proceso de fermentación alcohólica, este decae rápidamente en los primeros días de la fermentación pero es factible de recuperar trazas de ADN utilizable hasta 30 días después del inicio de la fermentación. En nuestras manos, la extractabilidad de ADN en vinos terminados y embotellados comerciales es difícil pero además genera productos de pcr poco reproducibles, con problemas causados por la presencia de inhibidores y baja cantidad de templado, generando lo que se conoce como allele drop-in y allele drop-out. La aplicación de la metodología, asociada a las operaciones de fiscalización en periodo de vendimia, nos permite aplicar la identificación genética en base al panel rediseñado con 9 SSRs y un marcador adicional. La metodología establecida, permite identificar los perfiles genéticos en vinos tintos y blancos monovarietales, no se ve afectado por la variedad, la localidad ni el proceso enológico, pero si por el tiempo transcurrido desde el inicio de la fermentación. El servicio agrícola y ganadero y el instituto de investigaciones agropecuarias, hemos trabajado en conjunto con muestras reales de la industria tomadas durante el proceso de fiscalización, con ellas la metodología es aplicable y reproducible durante los 10 primeros días de fermentación alcohólica. Su validación con muestras ciegas y el desarrollo de un protocolo de toma de muestras, junto a una nueva base de datos nos está permitiendo generar una herramienta analítica de fiscalización que nos permitirá transferir al consumidor la transparencia de la industria y al productor un elemento para la valorización y diferenciación de los productos genuinos. El trabajo fue financiado por la fundación para la innovación agraria pyt-2020-0036, ministerio de agricultura, gobierno de Chile.

Traçabilité génétique de l’origine variétale des vins : une application robuste pour les moûts et les vins en fermentation alcoolique

L’industrie et les organismes de contrôle ont élaboré des réglementations visant à garantir l’authenticité et le respect des limites de composition du vin. Cependant, cette volonté peut être tronquée par l’absence de méthodologies analytiques simples et robustes, non influencées par l’environnement, les différentes techniques œnologiques et les pratiques culturelles. . L’empreinte génétique est l’outil le plus puissant pour une identification variétale sans équivoque ; elle n’est pas affectée par l’environnement ni les pratiques agronomiques ; cependant, son utilité dans les moûts et les vins a été controversée et il n’existe actuellement aucune routine de certification de l’origine variétale basée sur l’analyse de l’ADN. Nous avons repensé le panel de 9 marqueurs SSR recommandés comme standard minimum pour l’identification variétale afin qu’ils soient moins sensibles aux inhibiteurs de pcr et soient également plus simples et plus économiques à appliquer. D’autre part, nous analysons l’évolution de la traçabilité de l’ADN de la vigne au cours du processus de fermentation alcoolique. Celui-ci se dégrade rapidement dans les premiers jours de fermentation mais il est possible de récupérer des traces d’ADN exploitables jusqu’à 30 jours après le début de la fermentation. Entre nos mains, l’extractibilité de l’ADN dans les vins finis et en bouteilles commerciales est difficile et génère également des produits pcr peu reproductibles, avec des problèmes causés par la présence d’inhibiteurs et de faibles quantités d’ADN, générant ce que l’on appelle allele drop-out et allele drop-in. L’application de la méthodologie, associée aux opérations d’inspection pendant la période de récolte et vinification, permet d’appliquer une identification génétique basée sur le panel repensé de 9 SSRs et un marqueur SSR supplémentaire. La méthodologie établie permet l’identification des profils génétiques dans les vins rouges et blancs mono-cépages. Elle n’est pas affectée par le cépage, la localisation ou le processus œnologique, mais est affectée par le temps écoulé depuis le début de la fermentation. Le service pour l’agriculture et de l’élevage et l’institut de recherche agronomique du chili ont travaillé ensemble avec des échantillons réels de l’industrie prélevés au cours du processus d’inspection, avec lesquels la méthodologie est applicable et reproductible pendant les 10 premiers jours de fermentation alcoolique. Sa validation avec des échantillons aveugles et le développement d’un protocole d’échantillonnage, ainsi qu’une nouvelle base de données, nous permettent de générer un outil de contrôle analytique qui nous permettra de transférer la transparence de l’industrie au consommateur et au producteur un élément de valorisation et la différenciation des produits authentiques. Les travaux ont été financés par la fondation pour l’innovation agraire pyt-2020-0036, ministère de l’agriculture, gouvernement du Chili.

Publication date: November 18, 2024

Issue: OIV 2024

Type: Article

Authors

Nilo Mejia¹, Nallatt Ocarez¹, Irina Diaz², Esperanza Miranda¹, Gerardo Valle³, Karina Rojo³, Joaquín Almarza³

¹ Centro Regional de Investigación INIA La Platina, Av. Santa Rosa 11.610, La Pintana, RM, Santiago, Chile
² Centro Regional de Investigación INIA Raihuén, Av. Esperanza s/n Estación Villa Alegre, Linares, Maule, Villa Alegre, Chile
³ Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (SAG), División de Protección Agrícola, Forestal y Semillas, Subdepartamento de Viñas, Vinos y Bebidas Alcohólicas, Av. Presidente Bulnes 140, Santiago, RM, Santiago, Chile

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Tags

IVES Conference Series | OIV | OIV 2024

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